tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75615171519404088122024-02-19T22:08:47.147-08:00My first day at college essayalexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-74743945085389926772020-08-23T00:26:00.001-07:002020-08-23T00:26:07.671-07:00Purdue Academic Integrity Seminar Questions Research PaperPurdue Academic Integrity Seminar Questions - Research Paper Example [d] Some fundamental beliefs are comprehensively shared among individuals in various societies, regardless of whether it is Chinese individuals in third century BC, on the grounds that human connections verged on same linearity, independent of individuals and time. 2. Alan Greenspan is being practical about the chance of business morals, that too in the present business condition, since morals in business can shield the association from outside negative impacts or reactions. On the off chance that an association enjoys exploitative practices in its working, it very well may be picked by outside players like its clients, government offices, guard dogs, media, and so forth., and that can bring about disappointment of its items, disintegration of its image or moral picture, in this manner prompting its possible fall. Greenspan approves this viewpoint by bringing up how financial exchanges of associations are limited by codes and laws, and how all the included gatherings tail it to stay away from risky repercussions. 3. To fortify oneââ¬â¢s restraint, people can make number of useful strides. The first is, unmistakably imparting in the individualââ¬â¢s mind, that their brain is absolutely in their ââ¬Å"controlâ⬠, and no outer individual or angle could truly control it. That is, in accordance with the point of view of Roberto Assagioli, an individual ought to understand that albeit outside people could affect his/her psyche through words and activities, they can't genuinely ââ¬Ëinjectââ¬â¢ their words into the individualââ¬â¢s mind, thus it is in the control of the person to permit just the contemplations that are good for him/her. The subsequent system is, regardless of whether negative and horrible musings enter an individualââ¬â¢s mind, he/she ought to limit the time those contemplations sway in the psyche, and ought to inevitably wipe out. The last system to reinforce discretion is, the individual should proceed onward with their life by concentrating on valuable and p ositive things, rather than permitting those negative angles to alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-17161973959281853062020-08-21T22:08:00.001-07:002020-08-21T22:08:25.960-07:00Second-hand SmokeRecycled Smoke Free Online Research Papers Envision yourself plunking down to supper at an eatery and eating with your mate, companion or noteworthy other, when out of nowhere everything you can smell is smoke. This is called Environmental Tobacco Smoke (EST) otherwise called Secondhand smoke. We are being compelled to take in used smoke regardless and in addition to the fact that you are simply taking in the smoke; it is additionally harming our body simultaneously. Used smoke murders and has been arranged by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known reason for malignancy in human. In this paper you will be educated regarding the destructive impacts of recycled smoke, and why smoking ought to be restricted from every single open spot. At the point when you are a smoker you are settling on the choice to harm your own body, yet much to your dismay you are likewise harming everybody elses body that you smoke around. There is no hazard free measure of smoke one can breathe in. The American Lung Association has said ââ¬Å"secondhand smoke has been ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known reason for malignant growth in humansâ⬠. Smoking is hazardous and it says on all cigarette packs that smoking slaughters you and damages others around you. Each time you take in a breath of smoke you are harming your or somebody elseââ¬â¢s lungs. At the point when you breathe in smoke, you are slaughtering ceaselessly your lungsââ¬â¢ normal barriers. Realities about Secondhand Smoke Used smoke causes very nearly 50,000 passings in grown-up nonsmokers in the United States every year, including roughly 3,400 from lung malignancy and 22,700-69,600 from coronary illness. In the event that you are presented to smoke all the time you can in the long run incapacitate the lungsââ¬â¢ regular purifying procedure which causes your lungs work more earnestly. Agreeing the American Lung Association, youngsters are increasingly presented to recycled smoke then grown-ups. ââ¬Å"In the United States, 21 million, or 35 percent of, kids live in homes where occupants or guests smoke in the home all the time. Used smoke is answerable for somewhere in the range of 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract diseases in newborn children and youngsters under year and a half old enough, coming about in the middle of 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations every year, and causes 430 Abrupt Infant Death Syndrome Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,800 synthetic compounds, 69 of which are known to cause malignant growth. Quite possibly an individual who has never smoked a cigarette in their life could create lung malignant growth. Counting constant obstructive aspiratory sickness (COPD), incessant bronchitis, emphysema, coronary illness, stroke, stomach aortic aneurysm, intense myeloid leukemia, waterfall, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach, and pancreatic malignant growths. Smoking is additionally a central point in an assortment of different conditions and disarranges, including eased back recuperating of wounds, barrenness, and peptic ulcer. Particular vested parties/Political Action Committee (PAC) Particular vested parties (SIGs) is a gathering of people attracted together by a typical intrigue a field of study, educating, or look into when the current divisional structure may not straightforwardly encourage such action. There are numerous specific vested parties today who has revitalized together to focus on this quiet executioner. For instance, The Non-Smokersââ¬â¢ Rights Association (NSRA) is a deliberate non-benefit wellbeing association that has worked only in the field of tobacco control for more than 30 years. Its crucial to advance general wellbeing by dispensing with ailment and passing brought about by tobacco, including recycled smoke. Political Action Committee is the name regularly given to a private gathering, paying little heed to measure, sorted out to choose political applicants. Legitimately, what comprises a PAC for reasons for guideline involves state and government law. The American Lung Association is viewed as a PAC by accepting commitments or making uses in abundance of $1,000 to impact a government political decision through advancing human services. The American Lung Association offers an assortment of smoking control and counteraction programs focused to explicit gatherings some focused on grown-ups, others proposed for school use, and still others intended to assemble connects between the home and school and include network pioneers alongside guardians and teachers. The crucial the American Lung Association is to spare lives by improving lung wellbeing and forestalling lung illness. End The greater part of us spend the significant segment within recent memory inside, where used is delivered and re-flowed. This is the reason it might be the most genuine wellspring of indoor air pollution looked by the normal non-smoker. Breathing in used smoke isn't something to simply disregard as it is a genuine issue and the way that an ever increasing number of open spots are authorizing smoke free condition is an immense advance and has brought issues to light to the earnestness of this issue. Research Papers on Second-hand SmokeThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL examination of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital Punishment alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-39599962344033576512020-07-06T16:01:00.001-07:002020-07-06T16:01:02.973-07:00How the Boston Bombing Affected the Economy - 1925 WordsHow the Boston Bombing Affected the Economy (Essay Sample) Content: How the Boston bombing affected the EconomyName:Institution Affiliate:Date:How the Boston bombing affected the EconomyA bombing, considered as a terrorist attack, leads to the taking of precautions by the United States cities, which assist in the capturing of those suspected of the attack, and also the protection of the citizens. There tends to be a mass mobilization of many resources that lead to a grand economic cost, and thus attention tends to be veered towards security. This calls for a shutdown of businesses, and as we all know businesses tend to be the root of economic activities. These activities are brought to a standstill. They include such activities as tourism, transportation, trade and even the energy sector.After the Boston bombing, there was a vast economic impact felt as most of its Metropolitan area tended to be shut down so that the Tsarnaev brothers would be captured. It is evident that this area tends to be the ninth largest area in the nation, and it tends to boast a larger economy as compared to other European countries like Portugal, Ireland and Greece. It is clear that to shut down this area with the much economic magnitude will come at one high economic cost. According to HIS Global Insight, Jim Diffley states that the measure price per day tends to amount to three hundred and thirty three million dollars. The estimate tends to be considered to be arrived at after the deduction from Bostons economic normal production that tends to amount to about one billion dollars per day. Pressure tends to be, therefore, subjected to the authorities to capture the suspected felons so that the economic activities in the city continue. It is normally difficult to view economic concerns during a time of extreme sadness and grief, but it is of excellent significance to anticipate recovery (Moshehai, 2013).An example of economic turmoil is the La Voile restaurant located on Newbury Street Bostons upscale. The fillet de boeuf in this restau rant tends to go for forty seven dollars. Dinner traffic has been seen to fall off sharply as the bombs tended to leave the city so shaken. The individuals no longer dine out in the night nor celebrate. They tend to prefer to stay at home during the hard time. The terror attack on Boston tended to leave many questions as compared to answers, and police officers tended to isolate a twelve block area, which was located in the citys heart of hotel and retail district. The bomb attack created a measurable impact on the United States economy after the business and consumer confidence was severely traumatized. The long term impact of the economy and business proves difficult to assess. Due to the attack the individuals of Boston and more than twenty eight million international and domestic tourists who tend to visit the historic hub in New England every year tend to think twice on showing up or attending the large public gatherings (Schoen, 2013). One of these gatherings includes the one hundred and seventeenth running marathon that tended to be the target in the terror attack.It is evident that the local businesses in surrounding towns and the city itself tend to come to a halt as the suspects are being chased down. The network tended to report a miniature of effects on normal commerce of terrorist attacks. It has affected tourism in many countries as has been prominent. According to Harper, the insurance coverage has tended to become complicated for these terrorist attacks. Through a study, these attacks were seen to cost the United States more than three billion dollars. It only cost Al-Qaeda a mere five hundred thousand dollars to abolish the World Trade Centre and weaken the Pentagon. The New York Times newspaper answers the question on what the U.S has been cost, by stating that, it has spent about seven million dollars for every dollar that the Al- Qaeda has spent in its plans and implementation of the attacks. The factors include homeland security, physical damage, reduced travel, business interruptions and overseas war funding among others. These sums up to a fifth of the existing national debt and not all the cost is incurred by the government (Harper, 2013).The marathon itself tended to generate on its own about one hundred and forty million dollars in revenues for shops, local hotels, restaurants and even other businesses. The marathon alone will not be affected rather other events that tend to take place in the summer. Individuals will tend to remember the vivid picture of a bomb exploding at the sidewalk, and they from that moment on be acutely cautious of crowds and avoid movement where possible. It is evident that if the security concerns tend to give pause to external convention planners, the larger metro areas three hundred and twenty five billion dollar economy would tend to suffer. This delay in the recovery of Bostons economy depended on the capture of the terrorists (Sivy, 2013).The Dow tended to drop following the trage dy by one thousand four hundred points. It required more than two months for the Dow to even. The Dow tended to be one thousand five hundred points down during the time of the attack from the years high. There was found to be other factors that favored the stock prices as the market made up its losses and tended to gain an extra one thousand. The bombing also affects the energy sector and an industry that tends to be very vulnerable to terrorists is gas and oil. Demand and supply tend to be closely related in that there is truly little flexibility in both. If there should be impairment in any part of the supply of the oil, the inelastic market tends to suffer substantial price swings. It is found that a terror premium as it is called is added to the cost of oil in the case of a terrorism threat. A study performed by experts concluded that the premium can run from two dollars to ten dollars a barrel. When inculcated to the size of the market, it tends to read as from between sixty bi llion dollars and three hundred billion dollars (Harper, 2013). Terrorist activity that tends to threaten the development of the worlds supply of oil tends to be considered tremendously grave and may lead to military response that would then be massively expensive.The bombing also disrupted the financial system in that New York Citys financial activity was upset, that included the stock market. The longest market shut down since the year 1933 was experienced that lasted a whole four days (Schoen, 2013). To magnify the effects more, a number of brokerages and banks were also brought to a standstill. If repeated multiple times or on a large scale, any form of a terrorist attack tends to have long term economic effects. An example of multiple bombings at a couple of train stations tend to upset rail user travel all over the country. A string of attacks in shopping malls on the other hand, has a grand impact on the retail sales. Creation of uncertainty enhances the economic effects prol onged even way after the attacks have subsided.Most of the incidents tend not to rise to levels of causing long term economic turmoil that is taking into account the hope that the bombing in Bostons Marathon is not followed by various multiple similar attacks. The blast in London where the terrorists targeted a bus and three trains preceded and seven hundred individuals were injured and fifty two killed. In Germany, France and U.K. share prices tended to fall rapidly by three to four percent, but the stocks tended to recover before the daily trading came to a halt. In the United States, the stock market really closed higher. Certainly, those attacks that tend not to be fixated on certain vulnerable targets like the financial system or supply of oil tend to dispel equally fast. Half of these attacks were found to have a meaningful impact on the stock market after a study of the al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, and their effects tended to be felt fully within about an hour (Moshehai, 2013) . The Boston Marathon bombings impact on the economy and markets was not viewed as a long lastin... alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-59507639825352755762020-05-19T17:24:00.001-07:002020-05-19T17:24:06.638-07:00Ethics in accounting the consequences of the enron scandal Free Essay Example, 3750 words Although industry analysts and some of the Enron employees raised some doubts about the suspicious accounting practices of the corporation, Skilling and his colleagues verbally attacked those persons to defend the allegations. The company could continue to attract new investors until its share prices plummeted from $US90 per share in mid-2000 to less than $1 by the end of the 2001. This drastic drop in stock prices caused investors losing an amount worth $11 billion. Although Enronââ¬â¢s competitor Dynegy proposed a deal to take over the organization, it did not succeed, and therefore Enron Corporation filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. The United States Federal government passed a number of laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron scandal with intent to improve corporate governance policies and to prevent such huge corporate failures in future. Today US companies pay specific attention to corporate governance laws and implement improved internal check system s to detect accounting irregularities and other illegal/unethical business practices. Problem Statement Unscrupulous accounting practices by Enron CEO Jaffrey Skilling and other top managerial person including CFO Andrew Fastow to inflate the profits of the organization resulted in Enron scandal, which was identified as the biggest corporate failures at that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in accounting the consequences of the enron scandal or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Although Enron collapse was the biggest in the history and had far reaching dreadful effects, modern organizations have a range of lessons to learn from this corporate failure. This paper will analyze the history of the Enron scandal and the role unethical accounting practices played in this collapse. The paper will also put forward some valuable recommendations for modern organizations in the light of Enron scandal. History of the Issues The merger between Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based InterNorth led to the formation Enron in 1985 and it began operations as an interstate pipeline company. Kenneth Lay, the former CEO of the Houston Natural Gas, was appointed as the CEO of Enron and he subsequently won the post of chairman in the next year. Over the next years, the company achieved terrific growth in its sales and spread its business beyond the pipeline sector. Industry analysts praised this unbelievable growth of Enron because many contemporary organizations were struggling to survive during that period and such positive expert reviews greatly assisted the company to attract more potential investments. Jeffrey Skilling, a previous consultant for Enron, impressed the companyââ¬â¢s former CEO Lay in his capacity as an industry analyst, and consequently Skilling was hired by Lay as chairman and CEO of Enron Finance Corp. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-74628363918411825072020-05-06T22:23:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:23:13.344-07:00Todays Social And Economic Inequality Is A Matter People Todays social and economic inequality is a matter people are faced with in their daily lives. Many Americans are currently unable to reach their full potential due to the lack of financial stability in the work force, and are incapable of providing stable income for their dependents. Krugman, like many Americans, believes that change is the only way to help close the ever-growing gap between upper class Americans and those who are middle class or below poverty level. In Krugmanââ¬â¢s essay ââ¬Å"Confronting Inequalityâ⬠he addresses the need for change, and has several concepts for how to bring about equality. I agree with several of Krugmanââ¬â¢s key ideas in his essay such as; higher taxes on the rich, raising the minimum wage, and unions.â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦On the contrary, most now wealthy Americans are living off of money that was given to them from their parents and grandparents. The argument that the upper class citizens are not paying enough in taxes , although a matter of opinion, should be reconsidered when looking at how much the rich avoid paying in taxes when using loopholes. Although it may seem as if they pay a lot in taxes, they are avoiding a large portion of what they would have to pay normally with the use of the loopholes. Another key idea of Krugmanââ¬â¢s to solving inequality is to raise the minimum wage. I agree with Krugman that the minimum wage should be increased, but it should not go up to the extent that it would cause extreme job losses. If the minimum wage was raised two or three dollars without the loss of jobs, many middle class Americans could possibly live a more comfortable lifestyle. The minimum wage should be the minimum amount of money needed to live off of. So many middle class Americans, and Americans below poverty level struggle to live off of a minimum wage salary now. Krugman mentions in his essay,â⬠the minimum wage, however, matters mainly to low-paid workersâ⬠(575). Raising min imum wage even a little would aid some people in paying for their necessities. Some people are forced to stay in minimum wage jobs for either their entire lives or the majority of their lives because they cannot move up in that field or do not have a degree. A large number of Americans workingShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The American Dream933 Words à |à 4 Pageskids born in poverty will not get out. Today, more Americans are falling below the poverty line and are struggling trying to find a way to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of Americaââ¬â¢s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. Inequality is nothing new to the United States.Read MoreAn Explanation Of Why Sociologists Are Interested On Class1275 Words à |à 6 PagesFeminists have argued for ot her things to be included such as social divisions to show how they intersect with class. Economic inequalities can have an impact on class as they can determine a personââ¬â¢s status, wealth, income and lifestyle. 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The first of these being the British industrial revolution in 1750, and then the more prominent American industrial revolution in 1870. Acting like a catalyst, these two events created a boom of economic growth unlike anything the world had ever seen. As certain nations have continued to expand, an important question that arises is, is economic growth beneficial alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-64335482216681718672020-05-06T06:46:00.001-07:002020-05-06T06:46:38.393-07:00Training and Development Assessment Plan Question: Discuss about the Training and Development Assessment Plan. Answer: Introduction The present work environment is quickly becoming dynamic and embracing change every time. Therefore, it calls for employees to be skilled and always embrace the latest trends in the market to attain a sustainable business strategy. Training is an important aspect in increasing employees performance and for a business to remain competitive in the market. Resources can be adequate in a business environment but fail to match the required skills of employees in a firm. In this respect, the need for training arises forcing the management to embrace the option for change. The paper examines the need for training and carries out an assessment towards improving work performance. Reason for Training Need Assessment A need assessment helps in aligning and achievement of goals in organizations. In so doing, it reduces the existing gap between the skills required and the competency demonstrated in performance. A training need assessment is essential towards identifying the present level of competence concerning skills and knowledge in one area compared to another in a separate institution (Tracey, Hinkin, Tran, Emigh, Kingra, Taylor Thorek, 2015). In this respect, the concept aims at driving a competitive nature between individuals in the same industry. The difference between the present and the required competency develops the training needs which if addressed lead to business success (Anitha, 2014). Training need assessment is important towards establishing who in the organization needs training and development and for a specified reason towards business performance. Assessment of the needs can be done at any given time either during actual work performance or at the point after selection of employees to drive a particular skill in them. At the same time, training assessment can be done during performance review period where there is an indication for improvement or succession planning in the organization. The performance measurement can be done periodically to promote and monitor the level of business success achieved. Step 1: Identification of the Business Needs Performance Analysis The training need assessment in the organization focuses on the performance analysis which indicates a performance gap between the required stature and the performance presently being demonstrated (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The organization has sufficient numbers of machines suitable for producing several amounts of goods but fails to perform optimally due to the reduced knowledge among the operators related to technology. The firm upgraded its technology and introduced faster machines supposed to deliver beyond the past technology in the organization. However, there is no significant increase in performance measured by the results displayed in the outputs. In this case, a training and development assessment has to be done to determine and increase the productivity rate of individuals given the new technology. According to Bell, Tannenbaum, Ford, Noe Kraiger, 2017), the present workplace environment requires individuals to become independent thinkers able to make conscious thoughts that steer business growth. In this respect, training is essential to impact the necessary skills to employees displaying inferior skills at their workplace. There are several competencies that shall be assessed and used in the determination of the training needs which range from decision making, communication, technology use, business knowledge, innovation, planning to teamwork in driving change to the organization. Performance Gap Analysis Assessment Techniques Observation The evaluation team used direct observation in examining the pace at which individual worker carries out their tasks. The speed and level of technology use displayed determined the competency level in information technology towards production. At the same time, observation on the coordination and team work spirit ascertained the level at which employees correlated with each other to solve existing issues (Certo, 2015). At the workplace, there are individuals who are conversant with the technology and do their best towards achieving their targets. However, there is another set of employees who were performing optimum in the previous technology who have failed to demonstrate the same in the present one. In this case, observation shall be used to identify such cases for training needs. Interview Inquiry into the knowledge and challenges experienced in the process of business performance is a perfect way of communicating the needs for training towards competency. The assessment carried out a one-on-one session with the employees in the production department to verify their levels of competency and ascertain the extents to which the new technology boosted production (Reason, 2016). Employees were guaranteed the freedom from victimization and made to understand the need for the interview to communicate all the issues affecting their production. In this way, the assessment team was able to understand the competency levels and the challenges faced by the individuals in the processing plant related to the new use of technology. Questionnaires Assessments utilize questionnaires where every aspect of inquiry is offered for the respondents to communicate the different needs of their business. The questionnaires had no names to enable the workers to divulge as much information as possible. At the same time, the questions targeted the specific hindrances to production to understand the reason behind the performance gap experienced in the firm. As a result, the assessment team understood the challenges and developed a training program to enable individuals to achieve expected success. Focused Group Discussion The assessment team used the group discussions where members of the concerned department meet to air out issues dealing with productions. The evaluation team was able to understand the hindrances in place and had the employees in the discussion suggest the best measures that can boost their production (Law, Hills Hau, 2017). The discussion further opened the managements mind to the needs of the employees thereby assisting in the development of training plans and other motivational factors to increased production. Assessment Focus Points The analysis focused on the key performance issues in outlining the training needs of the production department. First, an analysis was done on the tasks performed by each to understand the skills applied and provide knowledge on whether they match with the resources in place. Secondly, the analysis examined the frequency of the work performance to understand the extent to which experience could drive change in the business as employees are expected to change and adapt over time whenever carrying out a similar task (Reason, 2016). Thirdly, the analysis sought to understand the importance of every step in the task performance and relate it to the special attention given to each segment. The fourth assessment focused on the knowledge needed in performing the task as the information was used in comparison to the existing skills demonstrated by the employees. After identifying the necessary skills, the assessment moved to the category of determining the level of difficulty involved in carrying out a certain part of the task assigned. In the end, the study focused on the proposal by the individuals to determine the necessary training available to boost production at workplaces. Evaluation of the Assessment Process The evaluation process was instrumental towards understanding the need for training in the production department after the introduction of technology in the processing unit. The assessment sought to learn on the difficulties to production by airing out the challenges faced leading to the unexpected production rates compared to the previous case where the use of technology was absent (Noe, 2002). All the six steps used produced necessary information essential for arriving at the training solution to the production issue. The assessment of the tasks performed enabled the team in understanding the kind of work done and recommending the type of skills that can be used in completing the said tasks. Reporting on the tasks done indicated the difference in the previous circumstance compared to the present case. As a result, it indicated the shift in work patterns thus allowed understanding on the challenges that might be experienced given the fact that technology was introduced (Reason, 2016). On the other hand, the frequency of the task performance enabled the assessment in understanding the rate at which a given task is repeated. In this case, the difficulty experienced could be understood given the fact that a repeated action on a similar concept leads to experience which culminates to proper performance and mastery (Miller, 2016). The lack of improvement on the task indicated the assumption that some of the processes were being done in the wrong manner repeatedly. As a result, it formed a background to the fact that there was no sufficient training and knowledge on the use of the machines. The importance of each task enabled the assessment to understand how and why some tasks were performed perfectly with others performed dismally. The category allows for the determination of the processes that required deep training to understand the aspects involved in making them match their importance to the finished products. Consequently, the facts were recorded and used for evaluation to determine the training needs that would make all the processes important towards production (Noe, 2002). Every step in processing is important to the overall product formulation and hence has to be done perfectly according to plan. The category of the knowledge needed for certain tasks was essential in understanding the knowledge present and that absent about the results observed in overall production. In this case, the assessment realized the gaps in training which denied the workers the power to deliver at optimum levels. Besides, the difficulty of each task was critical in understanding the challenges experienced and outlining measures to ease the difficulty and lead to prosperity according to business goals (O'Neill, Albin, Horner, Storey Sprague, 2014). Lastly, the types of training available were important in understanding whether the training was effective and implementing more training to curb the underperformance experienced. Therefore, the two aspects were critical in developing a training plan that would yield benefits for the organization. Recommendation on Training The recommendation tends to answer the question to the training needs needed, where it is needed, who needs it, how it will be done, the cost of training, and the impact on the business. The firm has the required number of employees who were previously performing better compared to the records shown after the introduction of the technology. The fact points towards the lack of knowledge on the current technology use and thus points to the need for in-service training and staff development. Since the existing training failed, there is a need for the organization to carry out a fresh plan that is all-inclusive (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart Wright, 2006). First, there is a need for induction to freshly introduce the employees to the technology by briefing them on their importance and basic use. Afterward, there is need to conduct workshops and short-term courses on the theoretical and practical approaches when dealing with the technology (Noe, Wilk, Mullen Wanek, 2014). The training would assist in the first stage of performance which can be done for two weeks. Afterward, maintenance or refresher training becomes essential in updating the assessment team on the mastery and enabling individuals further understanding issues disturbing them at the moment. Consequently, on job training would be essential here where a team of experts would give hands-on practice to the employees to instill mastery in the operations (Phillips Phillips, 2016). Afterward, the firm should give the employees room for career development by allowing them to conduct part-time studies on the technology to improve the task and their experience. Besides, the management can develop simple ways of approaching the technology to ease the burden of work using the technology. The implementation team should carry monitoring and evaluation plans at every stage of training to gauge the extents to which the change impact on production (Seidle, Fernandez Perry, 2016). On the other hand, the firm needs to motivate the employees once the improved performance is registered by increasing their remuneration and appreciations in the process of meeting targets. Besides, in-house recruitment should be done in the department to ensure employees embrace career development thus promoting performance (Serkan Emir, 2014). At this stage, maximum adoption is expected as every employee has been subjected to training and development as well as proper remuneration. At this stage, it is necessary for the management to transfer non-performing workers to lesser need departments and monitor and evaluate their performance (Vickerstaff, Phillipson Loretto, 2015). On the other hand, employees who fail to meet the target of the organization ought to have their services terminated since they become a burden to the production if maintained. The need assessment process is essential towards performance. It identifies the problems existing in a business and addresses the concerns through training and other motivation measures in production. The assessment provides the steps to follow and the considerations to make in the process of driving change. In the end, the recommendations given would result in positive performance given the satisfaction of the needs that employees required for performing at optimum level. Performance in organizations must be monitored and evaluated to maintain the competitive strategies towards change. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Ford, J. K., Noe, R. A., Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development research: What we know and where we should go. Certo, S. (2015).Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Law, M. S., Hills, P., Hau, B. H. (2017). Engaging Employees in Sustainable Development - a Case Study of Environmental Education and Awareness Training in Hong Kong.Business Strategy The Environment (John Wiley Sons, Inc),26(1), 84-97. Miller, B. A. (2016).Assessing organizational performance in higher education. John Wiley Sons. Noe, R. A. (2002). Employee training and development. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. O'Neill, R. E., Albin, R. W., Horner, R. H., Storey, K., Sprague, J. R. (2014).Functional assessment and program development. Nelson Education. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Reason, J. (2016).Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Seidle, B., Fernandez, S., Perry, J. L. (2016). Do leadership training and development make a difference in the public sector? A panel study.Public Administration Review. Serkan, B., Emir, C. (2014). Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance in Bosnia And Herzegovina.Evropejskij Issledovatel?, Vol 89, Iss 12-2, Pp 2125-2132 (2014), (12-2), 2125. Tracey, J. B., Hinkin, T. R., Tran, T. L. B., Emigh, T., Kingra, M., Taylor, J., Thorek, D. (2015). A Field Study of New Employee Training Programs Industry Practices and Strategic Insights.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,56(4), 345-354. Vickerstaff, S., Phillipson, C., Loretto, W. (2015). Training and development: the missing part of the extending working life agenda?.Public Policy Aging Report,25(4), 139-142. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-48307855335354758252020-04-21T21:54:00.001-07:002020-04-21T21:54:03.187-07:00Pepsi Co Essay ExamplePepsi Co Essay Founded in 1893, Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink that is a product of the firm ââ¬Å"PepsiCo. â⬠It the 1920s and 1930s it was the leading soft drink company in the market. From then to now a lot has changed in terms of market scenario as well as product development. The current market scenario comprises of two main market leaders in the soft drink industry, namely, Pepsi and Coca-Cola (Coke). In addition to these other competitors include Thumbs up, Limca, etc. Pepsi faces heavy competition in the Indian market that is so diverse in terms of cultures, traditions, tastes and preferences. Narrowing the research to the city of Pune specifically, within India, it can be noticed that the consumer preference is more for Pepsi or Coke over the others. Since Pune is largely a student hub, it contains a lot of the younger generation population. Thus with the research conducted through this study, Pepsi will be able to study how it could get an upper hand over its competitors in the potential and booming market of Pune in terms of brand awareness and consumer preference. Need of the Study The need of the study conducted is highlighted below â⬠¢Will help with competitor analysis. Will help the company to get an idea about consumer tastes and preference. â⬠¢Will help the company get an upper hand over its competitors. â⬠¢Will help the company to gain market dominance. â⬠¢Will ensure brand loyalty. As it can be studied from the above graph which is based on the responses received from the target market of this study, Coke and Pepsi have a neck to neck competition with Coke leading as compared to the other companies including Pepsi. Thus the main need of this study is for Pepsi to analyze ways in which it could replace Coke to be the market dominator in Pune. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It must focus on the branding, pricing and packaging parameters mainly in order to improve or introduce newer products into the market and that is exactly the kind of information this study would provide the firm with. Scope of the Study Scope of the study includes- â⬠¢Parameters such as competitor analysis, branding and packaging analysis. â⬠¢It focuses on carbonated soft drinks. â⬠¢Does not include water and alcoholic beverages. â⬠¢Limited to the city of Pune. â⬠¢Research conducted of behalf of Pepsi. â⬠¢Includes bottled as well as can soft drinks. â⬠¢Limited to age group of about fifteen to forty five years. Both males and females included. Methods of Data Collection There are two methods of data collection- 1. Primary 2. Secondary Primary Data was collected through the use of questionnaire. First hand information was made available by distributing questionnaires to 50 people in the target market. Secondary It refers to collection of data that already e xists and is within reach of everyone else as well. For the purpose of this study secondary data methods such as the internet and various articles were used. Statistical Tools Used â⬠¢Bar Graph â⬠¢Pie Charts â⬠¢Questionnaire Company Profile Pepsi is a product of the company PepsiCo that is an American multinational company that has its base in New York. It was founded in 1965, after the merger of Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito Lay. The CEO of the firm is a dynamic Indian lady named Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi, who has held her position since 2006. PepsiCo owns various firms, namely- ?Frito Lay ?Tropicana ?Quaker Oats ?Gatorade Various products introduced include ?Diet Pepsi ?Lipton Ice Tea ?7 Up ?Mountain Dew ?Miranda ?Lays ?Doritos These are a few products amongst many others. Few of PepsiCoââ¬â¢s rival firms include- Coca-Cola ?Kraft ?Red Bull ?Nestle ?Snapple Thus to summarize the above data, since 1965, the year PepsiCo was founded, it has extended its product line not only in the beverage market but also in the food market. Its product lines include Pepsi, Lays, Doritos, 7 Up, Gatorade, etc. Its ever-expanding innovation in terms of products is the number one unique selling point. PepsiCo focuses on carbonated drink s such as 7 Up, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi. It has non-carbonated drinks like Lipton Ice Tea and Aquafina. Its products in the snack market include Doritos, Lays (Magic Masala, Salted, Caribbean, etc). Thus PepsiCo has a strong market hold in terms of its product line and diversification making it one of the leading beverage companies globally. SWOT Analysis Below is the SWOT analysis for PepsiCo StrengthWeakness â⬠¢Brand Name â⬠¢Vast product line â⬠¢Competent CEOâ⬠¢Unhealthy products â⬠¢Less focus on main product due to vast product line. OpportunityThreats â⬠¢Innovative products for future â⬠¢More successful mergers/acquisitions â⬠¢Positive market potential. â⬠¢Change in consumer preference and tastes â⬠¢Increasing competiton alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-53144090334744058052020-03-16T12:04:00.001-07:002020-03-16T12:04:03.279-07:00Should America Police the Worl essaysShould America Police the Worl essays There are two clearly defined sides to this question. One side would like to see America take a state of neutrality when it comes to overseas intervention. This side includes the anti-war protestors and critics questioning the recent war on Iraq. They say that America should let other countries worry about their own problems, because Americans already have enough problems to agonize over. Since America is the only superpower left in the world they have a responsibility to keep the peace, which calls for them to play the role of the worlds police force. This leads to the other side of the question, where war-supporters argue that if America doesnt step up to the plate to control evil tyrants, then who will? In the past, there have been international organizations that have tried to promote world peace and patrol the world. For example, the League of Nations was a dismal failure and currently the United Nations is not much better. Its hard to take seriously a federation of countries whose human rights commission is chaired by Libya and whose disarmament commission will soon be chaired by Iraq. So who does that leave to be the worlds police force? Argentina? Bolivia? Cameroon? The answer is pretty obvious. It is the country with the most vibrant economy, the most passionate devotion to liberty, and the most powerful military. The only nation capable of incorporating all of the above requirements is the United States of America. The United States is the only power that can handle a showdown in the Persian Gulf, mount the kind of force that is needed to protect Saudi Arabia, and deter a crisis in the Taiwan Strait. Do we really want that job? For the past fifty years, Americans were told that policing the world was a strategic and moral obligation. They were told that they were saving the world from communism and defending their own national security. Now with the defeat of communism, with the exception of ... alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-66397584639441831342020-02-29T02:31:00.001-08:002020-02-29T02:31:02.904-08:00Arizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona EssayArizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona - Essay Example This will take into consideration of the context, audience and the visual impact. I hope to comprehend and convey to the reader how this type of building is designed and the type of collections of the building employ the use ethos, pathos, and ethos. Audience : My audience will be the teacher of my English class. He has in depth comprehension of rhetorical appeals, in this regard I must present my argument using the accurate knowledge of rhetoric. I am obliged to avoid advocating and generalizing. Context: My paper will be one of the papers that my teacher will read this assignment, so I have to be insightful and creative in my analysis. I have to make arguments in order to grab his attention. Outline Introduction: I plan on using my introduction to establish my own ethos as well as describe the the structure and design of the building that is being analyzed. I will describe my experience in and outside of the Arizona State Museum building which will help the reader to understand tha t I had the opportunity to analyze the building at is significance in the University of Arizona. ... Introduction When we think about teaching rhetoric and critiquing rhetorical acts, we base out thoughts on text and artifacts that are primarily oral or written. Nonetheless, our day to day experiences are saturated with the rhetorical invocation that move beyond the written word to visual. The objective of this essay is to explore the multi ââ¬â modality of the rhetoric and illustrates how we think about the rhetoric on a wider perspective. The arguments regarding architecture particularly invoke this focus that deals with the nature objects, spaces and artifacts (Rosteck 45). This case study looks at one specific building known as Arizona State Museum building in order to show how this type of rhetoric takes place. Despite the distinct content of the building, the visual, textual and experimental are all used mimetically. This means that multi- model rhetoric on this site imitates the form a function of a natural history museum in order to persuade its visitors of its legitimac y. The Arizona State Museum building is the oldest and the largest anthropology museum located in the southwest region of the campus was established in 1893 by the Arizona Territorial Legislature. This building is the stateââ¬â¢s official permitting agency for archeology and paleontologist projects. This is one of the oldest research units at the University of Arizona. It is known for hosting numerous researchers around the world and allow them to use the collection to expand their frontier of their knowledge in enthology, ethnohistory and archeology. The museum resides among several buildings. Most of these buildings look similar as they are made of stone colored concrete slabs and reflective alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-45238975474829384422020-02-12T19:16:00.001-08:002020-02-12T19:16:03.036-08:00Muhammad Ali Clay ( Cassius Marcellus ) 1942 - 1981 EssayMuhammad Ali Clay ( Cassius Marcellus ) 1942 - 1981 - Essay Example For instance, he started training when he was only 12 years old. However, irrespective of the tender age of training, the super man acquired several skills, expertise as well as experience. This pushed him towards the realization of his first global success at the age of 221. For instance, it was at the age of 22 when Muhammad Ali first won the World heavyweight championship. This happened in the year 1964. The victory really motivated Muhammad Ali. As such, he vowed to put even more effort in order to succeed at each and every boxing event. It is of crucial significance to underscore the fact that Muhammad Ali was born a Christian. However, as he continued to grow, he later on converted to Islam. This happened in the year 1975 when he was 33 years old. Born in Louisville, Kentucky in the United States of America, Muhammad Ali, also known as Cassius Marcellus Clay played a total of 61 fights. Amongst these fight matches, he won 56 and lost 5. Amongst his victories, his total wins by knock outs included 37 in number. This paper is going to focus on Muhammad Ali relevant to his religious perspectives as well as the issue of women. Moreover, the paper is going to focus on the views of Muhammad Ali relevant to wars as well as maintenance of peace amongst individuals in the society. Furthermore, the paper is going to focus on Muhammad Aliââ¬â¢s take on the issue of racism as well as equality of all the people regardless of differences in races, religion as well as ethnic backgrounds. It is of crucial significance to note that Muhammad Ali, also known as Cassius Clay was really opposed to the issue of racism in the United States of America. Muhammad Ali is someone who deeply the valued the issue of equality amongst all humanities. However, it is of crucial significance to underscore the fact that the issue of racism greatly undermined as well as compromised the issue alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-80639975225583884902020-02-01T00:00:00.001-08:002020-02-01T00:00:02.906-08:00Individuals Relationship to the Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsIndividuals Relationship to the Community - Essay Example Sartre's existentialism and Human Emotions talk about how an individual can get the essence of his individuality through his existence. According to him, humans are thrown in this world without essence and with the span of time that he spends in the world, he has the chance to make decisions for there are choices available no matter what kind of situation circumstance he will be. He also added that since the people are born in the environment where there is no external value, it is already his chance to achieve the internal value that he desires. This optimistic view of existence can be related to how people base their decisions, most of which depend on what will people say and how people will judge. The individual and the community can never be separated although that is the aim and the goal of each one, still to depart from what is real and existing as a factor of survival is absolutely impossible. That is because of the reality that man cannot live and interact with himself alone. The interaction with other people that is needed for the nourishment of his physical, mental and emotional aspects is quite significant to be disregarded. This is the same reason why the community, the place for interaction is indispensable for his survival. The disadvantage comes in when free will and personal decisions get replaced by what we call "rules," rules which Freud said to be a kind of mutual relationship which replaces the individual's freedom by the rules of the society. This means that one is restricted to do things of his desire to give way to order and justice. Individual instincts for happiness are also controlled so as to reach the level of civilization which is thought to be progr ess. And since we talked about progress as another goal of every society, we can't remove the fact that progress deals with new technology which just like what Said mentioned in his book Representations of the Intellectual can somehow alter the real meaning of freedom. This is due to social conformity that needs to be accomplished to get the work done riding along with technology. The improvements and progress being the aim of every community and society, or group of individuals which usually follow a rule will always violate the so-called "norm of freedom" which Said partly talked about in the said book. The point being raised here is that even if there is a choice for man to be totally free at a given time or place, there is always a big possibility for him to be submissive to the rules which to him will bring forth bigger advantages. The violation then comes in when the expectations of the man who went struggling to deprive himself from personal satisfaction for a bigger cause gets corrupted by a bigger longing not from an individual but from the society, which supposedly is the on that would protect and or work for his desires to be achieved. A violation can also be done to personal freedom of choice and decision is when at a moment, the basis for a particular action or agendum is already the reaction of the community which cumulatively formed the rules in the society. What went wrong between the individual and the community was the interlocking of desires both from the individual and the community. No matter how mutual the so-called rules can be, there is always a greater desire that may pass over the well-made rules of the alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-23825780683867451142020-01-23T20:22:00.001-08:002020-01-23T20:22:02.810-08:00Argument Against a National Identification System Essay -- ID IdentifiArgument Against a National Identification System The concept of a national ID card has been debated in the United States for over three decades. In the past, the opposition as well as its allies has been strong. As a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks there has been new interest in the concept of national ID cards. While this idea is not all a new, it is closer to becoming more of a reality than ever, gaining the approval by the key members of congress. Currently the Bush Administration objects this renewed idea, however due to the intense emotion from the recent terrorist attacks the nation is closer to the idea than ever before. The idea of a national identity (ID) card seems simple enough. Take the photographic and alpha-numerical information on our birth certificates, Social Security cards, driver s licenses, and voter registration card; add a bar code, fingerprint, microchip, or other biometric identifier; and display all that information on a neat plastic card no bigger than a credit card. But beneath this smooth surface hides a complex issues and perhaps the greatest threat to personal freedom Americans have ever confronted. A national ID system will Require Americans to obtain federal government authorization to travel, work, rent or buy housing, obtain medical care, use financial services, and make many purchases. à à à à à This federal authorization could be denied for many reasons, including database errors, a suspicious transaction profile, being a deadbeat parent, failure to pay taxes or fines, and any other social control measures Congress wishes to hang on the system. à à à à à The system will almost certainly create an outlaw class--as large as 10 to 20% of the population--cut off from "normal" life in America. This outlaw class will sustain the underground economy for the use of future terrorists (and ordinary criminals). (Dority Barbara, p10) à à à à à The general questions about national ID cards and concepts involved in the debates, found on the Privacy International website at www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html. Can be summarized as below: 1.à à à à à Who uses ID cards now? About a hundred countries currently utilize official, compulsory, national IDs for various purposes. These include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, and Spain. Among the developed countries that don't have such a card are Australia, Canad... ... promote new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone who looks or sounds "foreign." Failure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The disgrace and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would ponder heavily on such groups. à à à à à There I strongly believe that national ID system is not the solution for the problems we are facing today. We have seen before that technological solutions involve risks that should be identified and understood in advance of its use to the greatest extent possible. These risks should be discussed and understood in detail before any decisions regarding its adoption is any form should be made. Work Cited à à à à à Dority, Barbara. ?Halt and show your paper!? Humanist. 1 March.2002, Vol.62 Issue 2 à à à à à Mohl, Jeff. ?How public is personal information?? Communications & Mass Media Complete, 1 September 2003, Vol. 91, Issue 7 à à à à à Safire, William. ?The Threat of National ID.? Kirszner and Mandell 586-88. à à à à à http://www.aclu.org à à à à à Privacy International www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-63555157966453519612020-01-15T16:46:00.001-08:002020-01-15T16:46:04.797-08:00Democratization of UruguayGiancarlo Orichio Dr. A. Arraras CPO 3055 20 November 2008 Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Uruguay A study of democratization presumes that the meaning of democratization is self-evident: defined simply as a transition of a political system from non-democracy towards accountable and representative government practices. (Grugel 3) A concept that is valid in Uruguayan politics however, has an element of potential risk that will be the topic of further analysis. Assessment of the latter will enable us to determine why Uruguay is the only one of the four former ââ¬Å"bureaucratic-authoritarianâ⬠regimes in South America that includes Chile, Brazil, and Argentina to attain this debatably political status quo. Guillermo Oââ¬â¢Donnell described this type of regime as an institution that uses coercive measures to respond to what they view as threats to capitalism, whereas, the only means of opposing this repressive government is by an ââ¬Å"unconditional commitment to democracy. (Oââ¬â¢Donnell xiii) The hierarchically lead bureaucratic-authoritarian regime as a political actor poses a possible advantage to democratization insofar that the military-as-institution may consider that their interests are best served by extrication from the military-as-government. However, seizing power to a new governing body without imposing strong constraints is improbable and has occurred predictably in Uruguayan democratic transition. Understanding th e obstacle faced by the newly fragile democratic government in managing the military and eliminating its reserved domains brings us to the task at hand. First, I will analyze the political history in Uruguay that lead up to the no doubt controversial argument that it has attained democratic consolidation. Secondly, I will analyze the factors that either contributed or hindered its journey to representative democracy; ultimately, arriving to the conclusion that Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan describe as a ââ¬Å"risk-proneâ⬠consolidated democracy. On 25 August 1825, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, at the head of a group of patriots called the ââ¬Å"treinta y tres orientales,â⬠issued a declaration of independence. After a three-year fight, a peace treaty signed on 28 August 1828 guaranteed Uruguay's independence. During this period of political turmoil and civil war, the two political parties around which Uruguayan history has traditionally revolved, the Colorados and the Blancos, were founded. ââ¬Å"Even by West Europen standards, [Uruguay] had a tradition of high party identification and a clear sense of a left-right index. â⬠(Linz 152) Uruguay's first president, Gen. Jose Fructuoso Rivera, an ally of Artigas, founded the Colorados. The second president, Brig. Gen. Manuel Oribe, a friend of Lavalleja, founded the Blancos. The 19th century was largely a struggle between the two factions. However, it was not until the election of Jose Batlle y Ordonez as president in 1903 that Uruguay matured as a nation. The Batlle administrations (1903ââ¬â7, 1911ââ¬â15) marked the period of greatest economic performance. A distinguished statesman, Batlle initiated the social welfare system codified in the Uruguayan constitution. From then on, Uruguay's social programs, funded primarily by earnings of beef and wool in foreign markets, gave Uruguay the revered soubriquet ââ¬Å"Switzerland of South America. â⬠After World War II, the Colorados ruled, except for an eight-year period from 1958ââ¬â66. It was during the administration of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967ââ¬â72) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures. Political instability resulted, most dramatically in the emergence of Uruguay's National Liberation Movement, popularly known as the Tupamaros. This well-organized urban guerrilla movement adopted Marxist and nationalist ideals while on the other hand, most nationally important actors were disloyal or at best semi-loyal to the already established democratic regime. Their revolutionary activities, coupled with the worsening economic situation, exacerbated Uruguay's political uncertainty. Gradually, the military-as institution assumed a greater role in government and by 1973 was in complete control of the political system. By the end of 1973, the Tupamaros had been successfully controlled and suppressed by the military-as-institution. In terms of systematic repression, as Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan stated, ââ¬Å"Uruguay was the most deeply repressive of the four South American bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes. (Linz 152) Amnesty international denounced Uruguay for human rights violations; in 1979, they estimated the number of political prisoners jailed at a ratio of 1 per 600, Chile and Argentina were respectively 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 1,200. (Linz 152) By 1977 the military announced that they would devise a new constitution with the intentions to ââ¬Å"strengthen democracy. â⬠The new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite in 1980, and if ratified elections with a single presidential candidate nominated by both the Colorados and the Blancos and approved by the military would be held the following year. The post-authoritarian transition to democracy began in Uruguay when the democratic opposition won the plebiscite. By the 1980ââ¬â¢s the military did not have an offensive plan to lift Uruguay from its uninterrupted bad economic performance, the Tupamaros had in fact been defeated by 1973, so a defense project against urban guerrilla was unnecessary. The military had no civil or political support, and with there loss in the plebiscite, whose results they said they would respect, tarnished the militaryââ¬â¢s political leverage significantly. Thus, the democratic opposition in the form of the two major catch all political parties that have governed de jure since the 19 century presented a non threatening alternative despite their disloyal behavior before the authoritarian coup dââ¬â¢etat . As previously touched on, the opportunities presented by a hierarchical military favoring democratic transition is the possibility that the leading officers of the military-as-institution will come to the conclusion that the cost of non democratic rule is greater than the cost of extrication. With the main interest resting in a stable state that will in turn allow the military to become a functioning sector of the state apparatus. However, this does not preclude the possibility of non democratic prerogatives in the transfer. The party-military negotiation called the Naval Club Pact disqualified Wilson Ferreira of the Blanco party to be nominated as president, pushed for guarantees concerning their own autonomy, and the most damaging to democracy was the curtailment of human right trails for military officials. Elections were held in 1985 were Julio Maria Sanguinetti from the Colorado party became the first democratically elected candidate in the 1977 constitution. Because of strong public discontent with Military Amnesty granted during the transition, the curtailment was sent to a referendum in 1989, were it approved the amnesty and gained democratic legitimacy by 57%. It has to be stated that the majority of Uruguayan opposed the amnesty, however the fragile democratic government confronted a troubling decision. They could have breached the Naval Club Pact and tried military officer for heir human right offenses and risked military refusal and therefore a crisis in their own authority. Or they could have hastily granted them amnesty at the cost of lowered prestige in the new democracy. It is safe to assume that the electorate voted to let the amnesty law stand not because it was just but more so to avoid a crisis. By 1992 the left-wing Frente Amplio was integrated into Uruguayan politics without any other major party leaders deeming them unacceptable arriving to the quarrelsome argument that Uruguay became a consolidated democracy. Uruguay's economic development can be divided into two starkly contrasting periods. During the first period, when it earned its valued sobriquet ââ¬Å"Switzerland of South America,â⬠from the late 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay achieved remarkable growth and a high standard of living. Expanding livestock exports; principally beef and wool accounted for its economic development. The advanced social welfare programs, which redistributed wealth from the livestock sector to the rest of the economy, raised the standard of living for the majority of the population and contributed to the development of new industries. When export earnings faltered in the 1950s, however, the fabric of Uruguay's economy had begun to unravel. The country entered a decades-long period of economic stagnation. It was during the administration of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967ââ¬â72) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool and beef demands declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures causing bad economic performance that lead to the bureaucratic-authoritarian take over of government. Although the old democratic regime was not able to lift economic prosperity neither was the military-as-government. Bad economic performance still plagued the nation throughout authoritarian rule. By 1980 the military had no agenda in combating the bad economic performance that helped unveil the inadequacies of the non democratic regime. In fact, economic performance has been in a decline since 1950ââ¬â¢s until today. Although the legitimacy that the democratic system posses in Uruguay is strong, the capacity, or as Stepan and Linz say, the ââ¬Å"efficacyâ⬠of the democratic system in resolving the stagnant economy is low. Thus, making Uruguayââ¬â¢s democracy risk-prone due to an unsolved economic performance. Since the economy has been the number one issue affecting Uruguayans since the end of their golden era in the early 19 century. A public opinion poll was asked to upper class respondents weather a political alternative from the authoritarian regime at the time would speed rather than slow economic recuperation. By a margin of 2 to 1 they believed it would, more surprisingly was a 7 to 1 response to the question if a new democratic regime would bring more tranquility and public order. In 1985, of the nine institutions evaluated in terms of trust, political parties ranked highest with a net score of 57 and the armed forces with a net score of negative 73. Only 5% viewed the military sympathetically while 78% viewed the military with antipathy. (Linz 153) In my studies concerning democratization never did democracy start with such rejection of the political role of the military from all class coalitions alike. During the first half on the 19th century the norm was a two party system similar to that of the United States in that there was ââ¬Å"low fragmentation and low polarization. â⬠(Linz 163) However, contrary to the American vetting process the Uruguayan had a peculiar electoral system known as the double simultaneous vote that allows all parties to run multiple candidate for the presidency. This did not present a problem until after the 1960ââ¬â¢s when presidents routinely were elected with less than 25% of the vote because of the amount of candidates running. This creates party fragmentation that can hinder democracy. The fact that the old regime political structure remains untouched means that the opportunity for constitutional change was missed and this presents a potential democratic upheaval. Behaviorally, by 1968-73 political elites were at best semi-loyal to the democratic system that soon caused the authoritarian regime to take over government, and one thing that can be done from previous failures in democratic attempts is to learn from their missteps. Stepan and Linz clearly state that for the consolidation of democracy loyalty to the system as well as the perception that all other parties are loyal to the democratic process plays a crucial role. (Linz 156) By 1985 not one of the twelve major factions of the three leading parties perceived the other parties to be acting disloyal. As well as the mere fact that the once unacceptable left-wing party, Frente Amplio, held the mayoral position of Montevideo by 1989 and then the presidency by 2004 demonstrates the positive elite choices that contributed to democracy. Since Uruguayââ¬â¢s troublesome and long fought battle for independence in August 25, 1828 Uruguay did not encounter any ââ¬Å"intermesticâ⬠stateness problems. As far as Washington relations to Latin America and in particular Uruguay, the United States continues to pursue hegemony over the region. The neo-liberal reforms in place in the region are bound by the restraints of the global market and for a country like Uruguay it is very difficult to compete with such superpowers. These reforms have often left the lower classes impoverish and desperate while the upper classes and Washington feed their gluttonous appetites. The civilian government in Uruguay has found it increasingly difficult to enforce these foreign economic influences that can potentially result in authoritarian means of accomplishment. As a member of MERCOSUR, Mercado Comun del Sur, Uruguay faced foreign political influences to liberalize its economy during the 1990s, as economic giants, and MERCOSUR partners Brazil and Argentina had done. This can be potentially devastating to democracy except that Uruguay in the 1980ââ¬â¢s had a gross national product (GNP) per capita income of 2,820, higher than any of its MERCOSUR counterparts. However, we must remember that Uruguay has been experiencing a downward economic performance since the mid 1900ââ¬â¢s and is a potential risk that needs to be addressed to preserve democracy. United States foreign policy in Uruguay and in the rest of Latin America has encouraged for the liberalization of markets. The side effect of neo-liberal reform is the zero-sum element that produces excessive amounts of losers. Essentially the contrary to what it is intended to produce. These superpower polices implemented creates few winners most of which are ââ¬Å"elites with government connection [that] have been the primary beneficiaries of the sweeping economic transformation. â⬠(Kingstone 196) This transcends business when the only means of preserving this market economy is through potential authoritarian means. The contentious claim that Uruguay is a consolidated democracy since 1992 is threefold, first, because of the reluctance to fix the already proven failed double simultaneous vote electoral system. Secondly, because of civil-military relations concerning human rights violation during authoritarian rule, although was legitimized by democratic referendum, but more importantly budgetary cuts that have been implemented as a result of bad economic performance. Finally, and most importantly, Uruguayans accept democracy as the most legitimate political game, but also recognize its incapacity to fix the troubling economy, producing this efficacy-legitimacy gap that can be potentially destructive for democracy. These three factors give Uruguay the title of a risk-prone democracy. Works Cited Kingstone, Peter R. , ed. Readings in Latin American Politics. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Oââ¬â¢Donnell, Guillermo. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-78992373823969223992020-01-07T13:09:00.001-08:002020-01-07T13:09:03.315-08:00Industrial Revolution After The Civil War - 956 Words The Inusterial Revolution after the Civil War Between 18-19th centuries after the Civil War, a chain of events occurred that brought about several changes in the way that people lived and worked in the United States.This period ranges from the time when cities started growing rapidly because human hand labor was drastically changed to machine labor. These events started the American Industrial Revolution, which later affected African American socially, economically and politically. However, many of these changes brought by Industrial Revolution also affected several groups like Workers, Immigrants, and Children e.t.c. This paper will analysis three major effects the Industrial Revolution had on the Society, Economy and Politics of America as well as the above mentioned groups (Backer, n.d) Society undergoes a major transformation as a result of so many consequences. Firstly the society expanded and the population of the inhabitant increases due to migration and search for jobs from the area of low employment in areas of high employment. Hand work was changed to machine labor and this made women started working in long hours and the rise of child labor, and immigration from the west for greener pasture increased. The rapid growth of factories enables many Americans abandoned farming and went in search for factory jobs which was in demand due to the use of machines. However, this changed the style of living in the society and added a separate class of people known as theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of The American Industrial Revolution1467 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction of the American Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements ofRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution And The War Of 18121461 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution, which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also led to great improvements of the economy and so ciety. The Industrial RevolutionRead MoreIntroduction Of Industrial Revolution And The War Of 18121577 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction of Industrial Revolution in United States: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. The first revolution, which happened between 1776 and 1789, was somewhat similar to Britain s Industrial Revolution and more political. The second phase of the American Industrial Revolution which happened from 1860 to 1900, was not only political but also was the great developmentRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Middle East1071 Words à |à 5 Pagessystem of war. From Gangas Khan to Americaââ¬â¢s involvement in the Middle East, all successful generals, military leaders, and conquerors have found commonality in their zealous emphasis on, and desire for, possessing the most technologically advanced forms of weaponry. Such a desire was not ignored in America nor England during the Industrial Revolution, but, rather, was seen by many as an opportune investment during a time of extraordinarily progressive innovatio n. With this in mind the Industrial RevolutionRead MoreIndustrialization During 1865 and 1920 That Influenced U.S. Society, Economy, and Politics1205 Words à |à 5 PagesSTATEMENT Impact of Industrialization after the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) [Strayer University] [U.S History 105] ] Impact of Industrialization After the Civil War on American Society (Thesis Outline) Part 1- Thesis Statement The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. After the Civil War, industrialization took on an unpredictable change of eventsRead MoreHow Did Labor Change After The American Revolution?1626 Words à |à 7 Pageslabor change after the American Revolution? THINK ABOUT: How did technology impact the older, artisan labor system, slave labor and industrial labor to 1877? What ideologies were in conflict over ââ¬Å"free laborâ⬠? 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And the Reconstruction didRead MoreThe Second American Revolution891 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement ââ¬Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the warâ⬠Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clear toRead MoreThe Second American Revolution901 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Second American Revolution Thesis Statement ââ¬Å"The Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the warâ⬠Introduction American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. The war began because President Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was very persistent on preserving the Union, which was threatened by the issue of slavery. The North was growing rapidly in wealth and population, and it was clearRead MoreIndustrialization After the Civil War Research Paper1321 Words à |à 6 PagesResearch Paper Industrialization after the Civil War Shana Dukes History 105 Professor Tracey M. Biagas February 3. 2014 Introduction Industrialization after the Civil War was a period where Industrial city were being built, there were jobs for people and the political aspect was having corruption. In this paper the main points in this paper discussed the major aspects of the Industrialization Revolution, such as groups that were affected by the Industrial society, and the affects the life alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-36763028782478571782019-12-30T09:35:00.001-08:002019-12-30T09:35:03.564-08:00We need crime prevention, not the death penalty Essay We Need Crime Prevention, Not the Death Penalty For most crimes committed in the United States a fine, sentence of time in jail or execution is the punishment. However, the death penalty is the most questionable punishment. Is it morally right? Is it effective in deterring crime, primarily murders? Weather or not you agree if it is moral or not, one issue remains. The death penalty is not an effective way to deter crime. The death penalty has existed as long as humans have existed. The quote quot;an eye for an eyequot; is found in the Bible. In the middle ages fines, public humiliation and imprisonment were appropriate punishments for all crimes, and death penalty for all murders. Today, Federal law statesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦There have been many comparisons of crime rates of death penalty states to non- death penalty states. These clearly show that the death penalty has no effect on the deteration of crime. The homicide rates in Michigan, Ohio and Illinois rise and fall along with Wisconsin. Michigan, Ohio and Illinois all have the death penalty. Wisconsin does not. In 1994, the average murder rate in a death penalty state of a population of 100,00 was 8.0, for a non-death penalty state, 4.4. In Canada the homicide rate per 100,000 people was 3.09 in 1975, this was when they had the death penalty. In 1976 Canada got rid of the death penalty. In 1986 the crime rate decreased to 2.19 per 100,000 people, the lowest in 15 years. Isnt it odd that the crime rates were high with the death penalty and low without? Clearly this shows that the presence of the death penalty has no effect on the increase or decrease of crime rates. Even with the death penalty, crime rates continue to rise and fall in the United States. The number of people on death row in 1967 were in 1972: 200 and in 1997 3,100. Crimes will be committed weather or not death penalty is a method of punishment. Many people believe that the death penalty isnt an effective way to deter crime. quot;The proposed drug death penalty is not only barbaric but also foolish: a temper tantrum masquerading as an act ofShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1440 Words à |à 6 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States. It is implemented for the purpose of providing safety to the community and bringing justice to victims and their families. The death penalty is legal in thirty-one states (ââ¬Å"31 Statesâ⬠), and there are over forty different types of federal capital crimes that are eligible for the death penalty. These include crimes such as treason and kidnapping that results in murder (ââ¬Å"41 Federalâ⬠). However, many argue whether the death penalty isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1367 Words à |à 6 PagesThe death penalty is often thought of to be a deterrence to murder. The idea is that criminals are supposed to think what their consequences could be before committing the crime which in this case would be the death penalty. However, what are the chances that a criminal is actually going to stop and think about whethe r or not the death penalty could be a consequence. If criminals want to engage in violence, they are going to. Consequences are not going to alter that state of mind. According to RichardRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is More Expensive Than Housing1610 Words à |à 7 Pages The death penalty is a hot button issue in contemporary American politics. There are many sides and stances that need to be addressed in order to truly understand the issue. The three main arguments for or against the death penalty tend to be focused around three main areas: fiscal issues, moral issues, and crime prevention issues. Many Americans are concerned about the cost of capital punishment, specifically; the cost of the death penalty per inmate, per year. Is it actually cheaper for theRead MoreThe Victim Of The Criminal Justice System1622 Words à |à 7 PagesFirst before I start, it is important to know who is defined as a victim of crime. A victim of crime is a person who is harmed due to a criminal offence, like suffering physical or emotional harm, property damage, or economic loss as a result of a crime (Branch, L. S., 2017). Also can be a spouse, conjugal partner, relative of, or a person responsible for a victim who has passed away or is not capable to act or ââ¬Ëpreformââ¬â¢ for themselves for example a victim of child. As well as the person who harmedRead MoreCapital Pusnishment: Crime, Spionange and Treason Essay681 Words à |à 3 Pages1977 and 2009.[1] Most death penalty cases involve the execution of murders.[2] However, capital punishment can be applied to other crimes such as es pionage and treason.[3] When it comes to the death penalty there are many opinions as to why this form of punishment is a good thing. Those opinions include things such as: â⬠¢ The death penalty is the ultimate warning toward would-be criminals.[4] If a potential criminal knows that the punishment for their actions is going to be death, then fewer criminalsRead MoreThe Issue Of Capital Punishment Essay1149 Words à |à 5 Pagesissue of capital punishment or the death penalty. Having said that, crime is imminent. We could have an unexpected encounter with a criminal committing crime on a daily. Criminals have become a part of our daily lives. Does this mean we should let them prevail in our society? No, absolutely not. Eliminating crime and criminals is our duty, and we must not ignore it. Getting the rightly accused to a just punishment is very important. Some criminals commit a crime because they have no other option toRead MoreEssay about The Death Penalty: What if Theyre Innocent?928 Words à |à 4 PagesThe death penalty has been around for several around for several years but consists of flaws. The death penalty is costly, it does not deter crime, it has not ended wrongful executions, it goes against almost every religion, abuses human rights, has been persuaded by the types of jury, and can be affected by terrible lawyers. The first death penalty in the United States occurred in the early 1600ââ¬â¢s. The colonies used public hangings as a deterrent for children and adults. A public sermon wouldRead MoreThe Death Penalty is An Effective Weapon Against Crime Essay1309 Words à |à 6 Pagespunishment.à à Many people believe that it no longer serves out its intended purpose of deterring crime. à Others believe that the death penalty is an inhumane act of violence and that it should be banished from the justice system all together.à The thought of playing God also is another aspect of the situation.à Despite these allegations however, the facts still remain.à The death penalty deters crime, stops repeat offenders, and gives Americans a real sense that justice has been served, and shouldRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Legal?1638 Words à |à 7 PagesShould the death penalty be legal or be abolished? Laws and regulations vary from nation to nation. Attitudes towards the capitalism, as well, vary from person to person. The death penalty, it seems, has become more debatable topic than ever. Although some people think capital punishment, just like death penalty, is a inhuman act which against human s rights for life and it is too cruel to give the criminals another chance to live a new life. I suppose capital punishment is still an effectiveRead MoreThe Problem Of Crime And Gun Violence1718 Words à |à 7 Pages Although it seems like the problem of crime and gun violence is never approached or discussed, there are leaders within America tirelessly working to find a solution to help decrease crime. Alex Yablon puts it like this in his article on The Trace, saying ââ¬Å"the lack of progress on the federal level should not be confused with a lack of proposed solutions to America s gun violence epidemic ââ¬â there are plenty of those, on both sides of the table.â⬠Yablon means there are some bills that would limit alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-67509187875172823512019-12-22T05:23:00.001-08:002019-12-22T05:23:03.195-08:00What Did The Maoist Insurgency Influence The Declaration... Extended Essay Draft ââ¬Å"To what extent did the Maoist Insurgency influence the declaration of Martial law in the Philippines on 1972?â⬠ââ¬Å"What events influenced the decision to declare Martial Law in the Philippines in 1972?â⬠Introduction: As a Filipina living as an expatriate, I have travelled and lived around the world and meeting new people and other Filipinos with different backgrounds. I was interested to what specific event affected their belief. The Martial law in 1972 is a major event in the history of the Philippines that caused disorder and violence against the Marcos government and this event modernized the country in terms of government and the Filipinos. There are many books written on the effects of the Martial law to theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This law is the exercise imposed by the government and control by military authorities over the civilian population. Martial law is the declared either when there is near-violent civil unrest or major natural disasters, however most countries use a different legal construct like ââ¬Å"state of emergencyâ⬠. The imposition of martial law accompanies curfews, the suspension of civil laws, civil rights, habeas corpus, and the application of military justic e to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to military tribunals. Martial law in the Philippines was publicly declared nationwide on September 23, 1972. Around 7:15pm, he broadcasted in television his proclamation of Martial law and placing the control under the Armed Forces of the Philippines. In this situation, the president declared martial law because there was near-violent civil unrest in the Philippine society. It was lifted on January 17, 1981. President Ferdinand Marcos was holding the presidency of the Philippines for 20 years from 1966-1986. He ruled the country as a dictator and is known for running a corrupt and undemocratic regime. The declaration of martial in 1972 by President Marcos was his claim that it was the last defence against the rising disorder caused by increasing student demonstrations, the alleged threats of communist insurgency by the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Muslim Separatists Movement of the Moro National Liberation Front. Maoist Insurgency Maoism alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-16029612193778347212019-12-14T01:53:00.001-08:002019-12-14T01:53:06.223-08:00Qantas Free Essays string(132) " strategy depends on competitive offering to customers \(Slater Olson, 2001\) with unique product for varied customer groups\." INTRODUCTION: In the competitive market industries of category of domestic, international or global have very competitive rivalry. Cost leadership and differentiation strategies are commonly used strategic management dimensions in the literature (Dess and Davis, 1984; Nayyar, 1993). But to achieve market superiority over competitors and profitability it has to make clear choice over the strategy used in order to avoid ââ¬Ëthe inherent contradiction of different strategiesââ¬â¢ (Porter, 1996, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Qantas or any similar topic only for you Order Now 67) In todayââ¬â¢s market for a company to survive, it has to create two corporate strategies 1. Lowest price without jeopardizing the quality. 2. Better quality, simple way of operation and better look that means ability to be creative and innovative. According to Porter (1985) all generic competitive strategies have different way of cresting sustainable competitive advantage. And a company must always choose a strategy or else it will be stuck in the middle without coherent strategy (Acquaah Yasai ââ¬â Ardekani, 2006). Many companies for example Wal ââ¬â Mart and AirAsia have been implementing a single strategy very successfully. Examples of companies which has used differentiation strategy as single strategy successfully: * Differentiation by Brand: Harley Davidson and Mercedes Benz * Differentiation by Design: Titan watches ââ¬â with gold studded gems, diamonds, precious metals. * Differentiation by Positioning: Domino Pizza ââ¬Ë 30 minutes deliveryââ¬â¢ * Differentiation by Technology: Apple Computers * Differentiation by Innovation: 3M. Furthermore there are successful companies which apply hybrid ââ¬â strategy which implies both cost leadership differentiation strategy at the same time. Eg: Germanââ¬â¢s Automotive, Tesco supermarket, IKEA. Competitive Strategy: It is the way by which firms choose to accomplish and hold their competitive advantage. Regarding competitive strategy Porter stated that ââ¬Å"taking offence or defensive actions to create a defendable position in an industry, to cope with â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦competitive forces and thereby yield a superior return for the firmâ⬠. Companies have established different approaches to competitive strategy, as per the crisis companies should apply respective strategy. The basic of generic strategy: Porter stated that companyââ¬â¢s strength is divided into two attributes: cost advantage and differentiation. By applying these attributes in a broad and narrow focus, three generic strategies result: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. They do not represent any industry nor they are specific to any company. PORTERââ¬â¢S GENERIC STRATEGIES: Diagram 1: (Porter, 1980) Normally means ââ¬Å"pursue a quality approachâ⬠. Enables a price premium to be charged for the quality difference. Normally means ââ¬Å"pursue a quality approachâ⬠. Enables a price premium to be charged for the quality difference. Aim to have lowest cost-base industry. Will facilitate favourable / cheaper pricing and thus grow market share in elastic industries particularly. Aim to have lowest cost-base industry. Will facilitate favourable / cheaper pricing and thus grow market share in elastic industries particularly. Competitive Advantage Competitive Advantage Differentiation Differentiation Lower Cost Lower Cost Broad Target Broad Target 1. Cost Leadership| Competitive Score Competitive Score 2. Differentiation| Narrow Target Narrow Target 3 A. Cost Focus| 3 B. Differentiation Focus| Concentrate on one or a small number of market segments. Can be differentiation or cost leadership. Concentrate on one or a small number of market segments. Can be differentiation or cost leadership. Porter initially advised Firms to avoid attempting both Strategies ââ¬â Stuck in the Middle ââ¬â as out and out differentiators and cost leaders will tend to be more competitive. The success of Japanese (and other) firms with JIT, Kaizen and TQM techniques appears to provide evidence contrary to this view. Requirements for generic competitive strategies: Generic Strategy| Commodity Required Skills and Resources| Common Organizational Requirements| Overall cost leadership| Sustained capital investment access to capital| Tight cost control| | Process engineering skills| Frequent, detailed control reports| | Intense supervision of labour| Structured organization and responsibilities| | Products designed for ease | Incentives based on meeting strict quantitative| | Low-cost distribution system| targets in manufacture| Differentiation| Strong marketing abilities| Strong coordination among functions in RD, product development, and marketing| | Product ngineering| | | Creative flare | | | Strong capability in basic research| Subjective measurement andincentives instead of quantitative measures| | Corporate reputation for quality or technological leadership| Amenities to attract highly skilled labour, scientists, or creative people| | Long tradition in the industryor unique combination of skills drawn from other businesses| | | Strong cooper ation fromchannels| | Focus| Combination of the above policies directed at the particular strategic target| Combination of the above policies directed at the regular strategic target| Four strategic types and their approaches to strategy (Miles and Snow)? : 1. Defender: * protect market share * hold current position 2. Analyser: * seek market opportunities but protect existing areas * hold market share but with some innovation 3. Prospector: * find new opportunities * exploit and take risks 4. Reactor: * respond only to other * often late and inadequate COST AND DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY: Cost Leadership Strategy ââ¬â The cost leadership strategy represents cost control and efficiency in all areas of operation (Porter, 1980). A company that decides to follow cost leadership actually achieves it by performing important value chain activities with lower cost (Porter, 1985). Cost ââ¬â Leadership strategy strives to supply a standard, no frills, high volume product with a competitive price to customers (Bingxin Li Juan Li, 2008) which is preferred in developing countries India, China, Indonesia Malaysia. This make product more competitive than others with brand image and good service (Hutchinson et al. 2007; Frambach et al. 2003; Porter, 1980). Cost Leadership aim requires strong focus on supply side as oppose to demand side of market ââ¬â with high level competitor orientation (Day Wendley, 1988). Cost Leadership strategy used by companies must benchmark them in a profitable position in the market place. As per Porter (1980), efficient cost leadership strategy minimizes cost in areas like RD, Services, Sales and Advertising. In Japan, Toyota Company has successfully implemented cost leadership strategy with increased efficiency (Schonberger, 1994) which is a different factor make up in this strategy when compared to the western countries. Allen Helms, 2001) Differentiation Strategy ââ¬â The generic of differentiation strategy can be based upon design and brand image, distribution so forth (Frambach. Et al. 2003). It involves by creating a place in the market that is realized as being different in the industry and has the capability to endure for a long run (Porter, 1980). The effectiveness of strategy depends on competitive offering to customers (Slater Olson, 2001) with unique product for varied customer groups. You read "Qantas" in category "Essay examples" This is with the aim to create minimum price of product in order to develop satisfaction and loyalty. A firm with differentiation strategy creates superior characteristics in terms of image, reputation, reliability and equality (Dean Evans, 1994; Sashi and Stern, 1995). This creates qualitative difference in products service, engaged in advertising programs, marketing techniques with premium prices (Miller, 1986). According to Acquaah and Yasai ââ¬â Ardekani (2006). Firms with competitive strategies has advantage over their rivals as they realized how unique their products and services are. The differentiation strategy has been successfully implemented in France, Sweden, Canada with companies having advantage of Financial and technology resources, human capital and modern management (Aulakh et al, 2000) Focus Porter defined focus as one of the generis strategies but later on mentioned it as moderator of cost leadership and differentiation strategy, Companies which apply this strategy normally focus on the market where there are less competition. (Pearson, 1999). Firms uses this strategy to stress on a specific positioning in the market and so it offers quality and specialized products for that position. Therefore sometimes focus strategy is referred as niche strategy (Lynch, 2003). This strategy allows the firm the possibility to charge a premium price for its specialized products. Ferrari and Rolls ââ¬â Royce are examples of company using such strategy. The only problem with the strategy is that niche characteristic is not sufficient to justify companyââ¬â¢s attention. Stuck in the middle ââ¬â When a company fails to make a choice between the strategies then it is implied that the company is stuck in the middle. Thus affecting its profitability and resulting poor financial performance. (Peter, 1980) THE COMBINATION (HYBRID) STRATEGY: The Porter Generic competitive Strategies (1980, 1985) canââ¬â¢t be given excessive prominence. Competitive forces ( Allen and Helms, 2006; Miller, 1992; Spanos, et al. , 2004) has been termed ââ¬Å" hybrid, mixed, integrated or combination strategies. (Kim. Et al. , 2004; Spanos, et al. , 2004). They combine both low cost and differentiation elements (Gopalakrishna and Subramanian, 2001; Proff, 2000). A combination of cost leadership and differentiation strategies should be distinguish from ââ¬Ëstuck in the middleââ¬â¢ where firm fails to successfully pursue both. (Acquaah Yasai ââ¬â Ardekani, 2006). A combination or hybrid strategy has been proved to be viable and profitable (Kim et al. , 2004; Miller Dess, 1993; Wright et al. , 1991). Firms pursuing combined strategy achieved higher performance than the other firms which apply single strategy. Combined strategy also helps the firm to minimize their vulnerability due to reliance on cost ââ¬â based advantages only (Yasai ââ¬â Ardekani Nystrom, 1996). This hybrid strategy success depends on ability to deliver enhanced benefit to customers with low price and sufficient margins to reinvestment. Tesco Supermarket is following same the same strategy (Strategy Explorer, 2010) THE APPLICATION OF SINGLE STARTEGY: Cost Leadership Strategy: The cost leadership strategy is the basis for long ââ¬â run compare to price competition. Price competition is easily duplicated (Porter, 1980; Ellis Kelly, 1992). In retail business cost reduction must be exploited which minimizes cost throughout value chain activities. Important issues in retail business are related with cost of goods sold. (COGS). Large retail business achieve more easily cost leadership due to more power supplier to secure low procurement prices for purchased goods (Ellis Kelley, 1992; Anderer, 1997). Datuk Tony Fernandez as CEO of AirAsia Berhad said ââ¬Å"Before business can grow it needs to have its cost under control, efficient and profitable and also it must create valueâ⬠. AirAsia leader of LCC in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia will face competition from existing and new players and it need to make consideration more stressed for the point of becoming the low cost carrier in the airline industries. Differentiation Strategy: It emphasis several dimensions such as image, gain customer loyalty, innovation and level of service (Kim et al. , 2004) by generating differences n product through intensive marketing image management (Miller 1988) and creating products which are innovative, dependable, durable, and serviceable (Beal Yasai ââ¬â Ardekani, 2000) In retail business company, as for manufacturing companies two main arguments against Porter framework have emerged (Mintzberg, 1996; Worztel, 1987; Zentes and Anderer, 1994) ââ¬â * Strategies that combine severa l competitive advantages are not considered by Porter. * The reduction of possible competitive advantage to two basic types is simplistic especially differentiation advantages can be reached in different ways. The implementation of combination of Cost Leadership and Differentiation Strategy (Hybrid Strategy): This new hybrid strategy may become even more important and more popular as Global competition increase. With generic strategy company improve their ability to adapt quick environment changes and learn new skills and technologies involving customerââ¬â¢s value with products at low cost compare to competitorââ¬â¢s products. Cost leadership enables the company to charge the lowest competitive price and achieving competitive advantage by delivering value to customers based on both product features and low price. Competitive strategy is not only feasible but generates superior incremental performance result in multiple sources of competitive advantage. This will generate superior performance over the inability to success. The success of Japanese companies such as Toyota, Canon and Honda are best examples of cost leadership and differentiation strategies. (Ishikura, 1983). Porterââ¬â¢s Generic Strategies in Hospitality Industry: 1. Cost Leadership Strategy: Hotelier such as Fairfield Inns, Etap offer services which are basics. Thus by doing so, they keep the cost at minimum and attract lot of market segment. . Differentiation Strategy: Chain of hotels such as Marriott and Hilton apply this strategy by providing guests with high quality and special service and experience. 3. Focus Strategy: Four Seasons only stress on elite guests and Burj Al Arab hotel only target guests such as royal families, celebrities, and rich industrialists. Five Forces Analysis: Porter developed this model as a fram ework to understand the profitability about the industry. Mentioned below are the five forces: * Supplierââ¬â¢s power * Buyerââ¬â¢s power * The threat of substitutes * The ease of entry to the market The intensity of rivalry in the market Porter Five Forces that shape industry competition: Example of a pharmaceutical company in US: â⬠¢ Potential New Entrants: There are high barriers for entry especially in the US market due to the regulatory compliance, patent laws and the risk associated with the industry this remains a weak competitive force. The cost related to the RD also limits the Potentials New Entrants. â⬠¢ Suppliers: Supplier power in low as the majority of the pharmaceutical sale is among the ten large pharmaceutical companies also they remain the major costumer for the chemical industry. Buyers: The power of the buyers is a moderate competitive force. Increasing pressure is being applied on the manufacturers to reduce the prices. In the pharmaceutical indust ry the end-user of the product has very low power as they buy the drugs that the decision maker or the doctor prescribes. â⬠¢ Substitutes: This competitive power is weak when the products have the patent production but gets medium when they are off patent. CONCLUSION: Successful organization adopts a combination of competitive aspect to build a hybrid strategy. i. e. Design and low cost, quality and price . Only competing on price is not good enough (Daan Assensââ¬â¢s Learning , 2010). Cost leadership and differentiation strategies are very successful in much different kind of industries, for developing, transition and developed economics. Cost leadership, Differentiation and hybrid strategies have been successfully applied for very broad range of products and services from retail products to luxury products. TABLE 1: STRATEGIES USED BY THE COMPANIES No. | Strategy| Where has the strategy been applied | Products/Services that the strategy has been applied | 1. Cost Leadership| Developing, Transition and developed economics (worldwide)| Cars Industry (Toyota), Airline Business (Air Asia), Retail Business (Giant and Carrefour Supermarket)| 2. | Differentiation| Developing, Transition and developed economics (worldwide)| Cars and Motor cycle Mercedes Benz, Harley Davidson, Titan Watches, Domino Pizza, Apple , 3M| 3. | Hybrid ââ¬â (Combination of Cost Leadership and Differentiation S trategy)| Developing, Transition and developed economics (worldwide)| Car Industry ââ¬â Toyota, Honda, Furniture Industry ââ¬â IKEA| REFERENCES: Acquaah, M. Yasai-Ardekani, M. (2006). Does the implementation of a combination competitive strategy yield incremental performance benefit? A new perspective from transition economy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Business Research 61, 346 ââ¬â 354. * Anderer, M. (1997). Internationaliseerung im Einzelhandel. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt. * Aulakh, Preet S. , Masaaki Kotabe. Hildy Teegen. (2000). Export Strategies and Performance of Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 3 (3), 342-61. * Bingxin Li, C. Juan Li, J. (2008). Achieving Superior Financial Performance in China : Differentiation, Cost Leadership or Both? American Marketing Association, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 16(3), 1-22. * Daan Assenââ¬â¢s Learning, (2010). Hybrid strategy: sustainable competitive advantage. http://www. daanassen. com/hybrid-strategy-sustainable-competitive-advantage (3 Jan, 2011). * Dess, G. , G. Davis, P. S. (1984). Porterââ¬â¢s (1980) generic strategies as determinants of strategic group memberships and organizational performance. Academic of Management Journal 27, 467-488. * Frambach, Ruud T. , Jaideep Prabhu. Theo M. M. Verhallen. (2003). The Influence of Business Strategy on New Product Activity: The Role of Market Orientation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 20 (4), 377-97. * Hutchinson, Karise, Nicholas Alexander, Barry Quinn Anne Marie Doherty. (2007). Internalization Motives and Facilitating Factors: Qualitative Evidence from Smaller Specialist Retailers. Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 15 (3), 96-122. * Kim, E. , Nam, D. Stimpert, J. L. (2004). Testing the Applicability of Porterââ¬â¢s Generic Strategies in the Digital Age: a Study of Korean Cyber Malls. Journal of Business Strategies, Vol. 21, 19-45. * Miller, A. Dess, G. (1993). Academy of Management Assessing Porterââ¬â¢s (1980) Model in terms of its Generalizability, Accuracy and Simplicity. Journal 36 (4), 763-788. * Mintzberg, H. (1996). Generic Business Strategies. In: Mintzberg, H. , Quinn, J. (Eds), The Strategy Process, thirded. Prentice Hall International, Upper Saddle River/Nj, 83-92. * Morshett, D. , Benhard Swoboda Hanna Schramm-Klein. (2006). Competitive Strategy in Retailing ââ¬â An Investigation of the Applicability of Porter Framework for Food Retailers. Science Direct. Journal of Retailing and Customer Services 13, 275-287. * Nayyar, P. R. (1993). Performance Effect on Information Asymmetry and scope in diversified Service Firms. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 28 -58. * Pearce, J. Robinson, R. (1994). Strategic Managementââ¬âFormulation, Implementation and Control, Fifth Edition. Irwin, Burr Ridge/IL. * Porter ME. (1985). Creating and sustaining superior performance. Competitive Advantage. New York : Free Press. Schonberger, R. (1994). Human Resource Management Lessons from a Decade of Total Quality Management and Reengineering. California Management Review, Vol. 36 (4), 109-134. * Worztel, L. 1987. Retailing Strategies for to Dayââ¬â¢s Mature Market Place. Journal of Business Strategy 8 (Spring), 45-56. * Yasai-Ardekani, M. , Nystrom, PC. (1996). Design for Environmental Scanning Systems: Test of a Co ntingency Theory. Management Science, 187-204. * Zentes, J, Anderer, M. (1994). Retail Monitoring 1/94: Customer Service as a Way Out of Crises. GDI-Retailer- Trendletter, Vol. 2(1), 1-29. How to cite Qantas, Essay examples alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-52730640565118566302019-12-05T22:13:00.001-08:002019-12-05T22:13:04.969-08:00Traditional Method Of Costing Has The Essence Of Dealing With Overheads By Accounting Essay Example For Students Traditional Method Of Costing Has The Essence Of Dealing With Overheads By Accounting Essay Outline1 Abstraction2 Introduction3 Keywords4 Literature Review5 Methodology6 Findingss7 Decision Abstraction In recent old ages the universe of bing systems have shown major developments in bing techniques, specifically a major part of activity-based costing ( ABC ) in fabrication and services organisations. This survey aims to place the grounds why activity-based costing is preferred to traditional costing tools in modern fabrication environment ; why directors are demoing their involvements in the acceptance of ABC to better their fiscal public presentation, managerial and production efficiency ; how ABC helps directors to extinguish production inefficiencies ; how ABC facilitates adaptative and productive acquisition in organisations and the utility of ABC in seller choice, service sector and SME s. Traditional measurement methods of cost accounting proved deficient on these issues, which leads to the innovation of activity-based costing. Introduction Traditional method of costing has the kernel of covering with operating expenses by dividing them into variable operating expenses and fixed operating expenses. If we are utilizing soaking up costing, we will foremost make up ones mind the suited footing for soaking up ( e.g. machine hours or labour hours ) , so we will absorb all the operating expenses on that footing. The traditional costing methods were designed around 1870-1920. In those yearss industry was labour intensive, there was no mechanization, merchandise assortment was little and overhead costs in organisations were by and large really low as compared to today. However, it changed quickly from 1960 s peculiarly 1980 s due to the job of increased deficiency of relevancy of traditional cost accounting methods. Activity Based Costing ( ABC ) is based on the penetration that activities create costs, while merchandises consume activities. ABC is a costing technique that first identifies the major activities that give rise to overhead costs, so groups activities holding same cost drivers into cost pools and eventually assigns entire operating expense costs to each merchandise or service by ciphering soaking up rate for each cost pool. So we can state that ABC is a costing technique in which multiple operating expense cost pools are created on the footing of one or more non-volume related factors. There is a construct of cost pool and cost driver that distinguishes ABC from traditional costing. Cost driver can be any factor that causes alteration in the cost of an activity. Under ABC operating expense costs are assigned to merchandises on the footing of cause and consequence relationship. Traditional systems frequently rely on unpredictable allotments of indirect costs ; peculiarly they rely extensively on volume-based allotments. Volume based activities are those which have high correlativity with figure of units produced. Most of the indirect costs are non volume-based. If volume-based allotments are used high volume merchandises are likely to be assigned with greater proportion of indirect costs than they have consumed, whereas low volume merchandises will be assigned lower proportion. It will take to over costing of high volume merchandises and under bing of low volume merchandises, which will further supply misdirecting information. So, traditional systems fail to acknowledge the relationship between costs, activities and merchandises by using volume-related overhead soaking up rates merely. For Example, a company produced two merchandises merchandise A and merchandise B. Merchandise A which is a low volume point is produced harmonizing to client specifications that may demand certain activities such as particular technology, extra testing and any machine apparatuss, whereas merchandise B which is a high volume point demands small attending, no particular activities and running continuously. If this company is utilizing traditional costing technique it will apportion all of its operating expenses to merchandises based on figure of machine hours, which will ensue in the allotment of small overhead cost to merchandise A because it did non hold many machine hours but retrieve it demanded tonss of technology, proving and setup activities and costs of these activities have been ignored by traditional system. In contrast, merchandise B will hold tremendous sum of operating expenses due to all those machine hours, but in world it demanded small overhead activity. It will take to misreckoning of each merchandises true entire cost of fabrication. ABC overcomes this job by delegating operating expenses on more than one activity. It recognizes that particular technology, proving and machine apparatuss are besides activities which consume resources of company, so costs of resources used in those activities should besides be calculated and included in entire overhead costs of merely those merchandises that demanded and consumed those activities. So if you want to command your costs, you have to first command the activities that cause the costs to be incurred. ABC may assist to place value added activities and non-value added activities, which will assist directors to command their costs by extinguishing non-value added activities or at least cut downing figure of cost drivers of non-value added activities. The beauty of ABC is that it reveals fresh capacity and aid directors to extinguish those capacities so that there would be no merchandise cost deformation. There are two stages of activity accounting. First stage is called Activity-Based Accounting ( ABC ) where it tells us how we can better our fight by pull offing our resources more expeditiously. It does non merely supply accurate costs but it is a mechanism for pull offing costs. Second stage is called Activity-Based Management ( ABM ) which is an of import tool for accomplishing uninterrupted betterment. In ABM, we use information obtained from ABC to do strategic be tterments in organisations. Directors by and large achieve betterments by pull offing activities in four ways: Activity decrease by cut downing the clip required to execute activity. Activity riddance by extinguishing the full activity. Activity choice by choosing the low-priced activity from set of activity options. Activity sharing here directors make such alterations that allow them to portion activities with other merchandises to accomplish economic systems of graduated table. It depend on director s ability that how he will utilize all these four ways expeditiously and efficaciously to accomplish strategic betterments in organisations. The most accurate costs under ABC allow direction to be after more efficaciously, better quality of cost control and eventually evaluate director s public presentation on meaningful footing. To implement ABC in any organisation is non an easy undertaking, you have to update your activity systems as merchandises and procedures diversify. This survey aims to show that ABC is preferred to traditional soaking up costing in the modern fabrication environment because now indirect costs constitute greater proportion of entire merchandise costs due to merchandise s complex specifications, widespread usage of computing machine control and mechanization and increased usage of just-in-time ( JIT ) production methods which will finally better the fiscal public presentation of organisations. The usage of ABC with strategic attacks like entire quality direction ( TQM ) , JIT methods etc, can do it more utile. ABC is non merely following by fabricating companies but now many services organisations are demoing their involvement in the importance of costs for determination devising intent. When you implement ABC in your organisation a alteration in the direction construction should happen, directors can accommodate ABM by utilizing the information provided by ABC to accomplish required net incomes. Application of ABC is a squad work and requires a batch of manpower preparation. Teachers vs. coaches EssayGunasekaran, Marri, Grieve ( 1999 ) suggests the usage of ABC in SME s. The execution of ABC in SME s can assist them in bettering their fiscal and non-financial public presentation. It will assist to cut down direct labor constituents, uninterrupted accomplishment development, reengineering ( P, 390 ) and developing positive attitude of workers that contributes toward successful execution of operations ( Sage and Fox 1989 ) . Chan, Keung and Chung ( 2000 ) conducted a survey to raise an empirical attack with the aid of which we can plan an ABC templet to utilize it as a tool for easy integrating in an SME environment. No uncertainty ABC was foremost designed to carry through the cost direction demands of fabrication and industrial organisations but researches shortly realized that they can besides use this system in services sector. Kaplan ( 1994 ) paperss that since 1980 s many houses working in services sector e.g. Bankss, infirmaries and logistic companies had already developed their costing system similar to ABC. It means there was besides a demand for ABC like system in services organisation which tells true and accurate costs. By implementing activity-based costing technique in English infirmaries and British National Health system ( King et. Al, 1994 ) , to rational and concern activities of university scene ( Granof, E. Platt, Vaysman, 2000 ) , libraries ( Snyder and Davenport, 1997 ; Ellis-Newman 2003 ) , sport organisations ( Dimitropoulos, 2007 ) and for planning and commanding twenty-four hours surgery unit activities of infirmaries ( Antikainen, Roivainen, Hyvarinen, Toivonen, Karr, 2 005 ) , houses can easy accomplish strategic aims. ABC is likely to be adopted by larger houses than smaller 1s because of holding diverse mix merchandises or services ( Roztocki and M. Schultz, ) . If organisations with diverse merchandises and services use individual cost driver to absorb high operating expenses, may falsify its cost estimations ( Cooper and Kaplan, 1988 ) . Initially ABC was used merely by fabricating companies and industries and many research workers discusses it s usefulness in selling determinations. Stevenson et al. , ( 1993 ) introduces ABC as a powerful toll for concern selling determination shapers with accents on the consequence of ABC on productiveness steps. John C. Lere ( 2000 ) states the importance of fabrication costs in sing monetary value dialogues The information provided by ABC captures the differences among client s orders and helps industrial selling determination shapers to understand the influence of possible alterations in client s specification on fabrication cost. Feature of ABC is its acknowledgment that cost does non merely vary with volume but it can besides change with some other activities i.e. unit-level activities, Batch-level activities and Product-level activities ( Cooper, 1990 ) . Steve R. Letza and Ken Gadd ( 1994 ) examines the usage of ABM with TQM in entire quality organisations to place their common characteristics and compatibility as direction tools. They stated that by utilizing the accounting information generated by ABC, TQM can measure costs efficaciously. Charles Praker ( 2000 ) remarks on the usage of ABC and balanced scorecard as the more modern attacks to public presentation measuring as it helps a batch in doing judgements and determinations. We use ABC informations every bit input to mensurate public presentations. Methodology This survey is based on documental analysis and based on secondary degree. Extensive literature has been reviewed to get at the decision with respect to the significance and application of ABC in different organisational scenes. Work of different researches helped us to garner information sing utility of activity-based costing in fabrication and services organisations. For that purpose a figure of 36 research articles written by assorted writers and published in assorted research channels in different states were studied. These writers belong to assorted states. The common findings are generalized henceforth. Finally a decision was drawn. Findingss Cagwin A ; Bouwman ( 2000 ) reported that there is a positive association between activity-based costing and betterment in fiscal public presentation when we use ABC with new fabricating techniques and methods such as entire quality direction ( TQM ) attack, just-in-time ( JIT ) fabrication methods, flexible fabrication systems ( FMS ) etc. Gunasekaran, Marri, Grieve ( 1999 ) besides supported this fact. Gunasekaran, Marri, Grieve ( 1999 ) presented the fact that there is a positive relationship between utility of ABC and edification of engineering, if u do non upgrade your technological resources you have to bear immense costs of informations aggregation and processing. Sohal A ; W.C. Chung ( 1998 ) and Cagwin A ; Bouwman ( 2000 ) supported this fact. Horngren ( 1977 ) argued that there are some concealed factors that influence the industrial and fabrication disbursals, if u want to increase managerial and production efficiency you have to cover with those factors really carefully. Traditional costing technique has failed in covering with those factors. Activity-Based costing is a technique which helps us in happening the manner to uncover those factors. Miller A ; Vollman ( 1985 ) , Johnson A ; Kaplan ( 1987 ) and Johnson, H. T. ( 1990 ) supported this statement. Driver ( 2001 ) reported that ABC facilitates adaptative and productive acquisition by continuously bettering bing cognition of single employees and troughs in organisations and developing learning civilization within organisations. Argyris ( 1977 ) , March ( 1991 ) , Appelbaum and Goransson ( 1997 ) , Cooper et Al. ( 1992 ) , and Michelman et Al. ( 1999 ) supported this fact. Now troughs are taking involvement in the usage of ABC in seller choice procedure. By carefully taking provider with the aid of ABC can minimise entire extra costs which relate to buy determinations. Dogan and Sahin ( 2003 ) , de Boer et Al. ( 2001 ) , Swift Owens ( 1995 ) and Brown ( 1998 ) support this fact. Because of the utility of activity-based costing, many services organisations such as infirmaries, universities, libraries, athletics organisations, Bankss, logistic companies etc. and SME s are following this new costing technique to better their fiscal and non-financial public presentation by cut downing direct labor constituents, uninterrupted accomplishment development and reengineering. Kaplan ( 1994 ) , King et. Al ( 1994 ) , Antikainen, Roivainen, Hyvarinen, Toivonen, Karr ( 2005 ) , Granof, E. Platt, Vaysman ( 2000 ) , Snyder and Davenport ( 1997 ) , Ellis-Newman ( 2003 ) , Gunasekaran, Marri, Grieve ( 1999 ) and Sage and Fox ( 1989 ) support this fact. Utility of ABC in selling determinations, importance of fabrication costs information provided by ABC in sing monetary value dialogues, usage of ABC and balanced scorecard as the more modern attacks to public presentation measuring, usage of ABM with TQM in entire quality organisations as direction tool and utility of ABC in houses holding diverse merchandises, services and processes Lashkar-e-Taiba directors think that activity-based costing is the most appropriate costing technique in modern fabrication and services environment than traditional bing techniques. Stevenson et Al. ( 1993 ) , John C. Lere ( 2000 ) , Charles Praker ( 2000 ) , Steve R. Letza and Ken Gadd ( 1994 ) and Cooper and Kaplan ( 1988 ) support this fact. So all the writers irrespective of civilization are of one position that activity-based costing is from hurting to joy. Decision From all of the above treatment and findings, it is concluded that there are many issues which can non be dealt comprehensively and meaningfully with the aid of conventional accounting techniques. Traditional accounting has failed to turn to these issues in deepness and in conformity with modern fabricating which lead to the innovation of a more improved and progressive accounting attack i.e. ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING. Many fabrication and services organisations are progressively following this new technique to better their fiscal and non-financial public presentation, pricing determinations, selling determinations and purchase determinations because of the turning importance of costs in determination devising intent. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-55866906977009363492019-11-28T19:47:00.001-08:002019-11-28T19:47:03.177-08:00Bring Back Flogging Essay Research Paper Bring free essay sample Bring Back Flogging Essay, Research Paper Bring Back Floging This essay by Jeff Jacoby illustrates an writers usage of dry irony otherwise known as sarcasm to support and exemplify his platform on his place. Jacoby utilizations in this essay verbal sarcasm ( persuasion in the signifier of ridicule ) . In the sarcasm of this kind there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant. Jacoby s claim in simple is he believes that welting should be brought back to replace the more standard conventional method of the imprisonment of violent and non-violent wrongdoers. His evidences for the resurgence of welting stems back to his initial reference of the Puritan penalty system. He cites how in 1632 Richard Hopkins was Flogged and branded for selling guns and arms to the Indians, how Joseph Gatchell in 1684 convicted of blasphemy, had his lingua pierced with a hot Fe, and eventually in 1694 Hannah Newell and her consort were lashed for criminal conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on Bring Back Flogging Essay Research Paper Bring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He concludes that the bodily penalty system did non disappear with the Puritans, Deleware did non acquire around to revoking it till 1972. Jacoby s irony can be noted by the manner he illustrates the penalty of assorted Acts of the Apostless. He notes in a list that slayers, drug traders, and other Acts of the Apostless finally end up in prison. Prison he says seems to be the all intent, all in one penalty. His statistical grounds is that of the galvanizing 1.6 million Americans behind bars today. This represents a 250 % addition since 1980. Harmonizing to him we cage persons at an dismaying rate despite the general consensus of the condemnable system being a failure. He cites the information of Princeton criminologist John DiIlulio that approximately three out of four criminals are released early or non locked up at all. Many of them are on the streets without meaningful word or supervising. And while many believe that recreational hoods should be deterred before they become career felons, it is about unheard of for Judgess to direct foremost or 2nd clip wrongdoers to imprison. Jacoby so goes on to roast our current penal system by gauging the cost to cage felons at about 30 1000 per inmate per twelvemonth. Jacoby believes that prison is a graduate school of condemnable surveies, that they emerge more ruthless and understanding so when they entered. Besides for many of them, prison is a mark of manhood or even a position symbol. In 1994 the Globe reported that more than two 100 thousand prison inmates are raped each twelvemonth, normally to the indifference of the guards. Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun has written that the horrors experienced by many immature inmates peculiarly those of nonviolent discourtesies are impossible. Jacoby s statement of welting efforts to demo how it can be more productive over the conventional method of penalty apparently the lone manner, imprisonment. His beliefs are that public tannings will forestall young persons and first clip wrongdoers from going womb-to-tomb criminals. The benefits deduced from his statement for welting presuming it proves to be conclusive would be such. Lowering the rate of criminals in gaol, liberating up infinite for the more violent wrongdoers. The shocking estimated sum of 30 thousand a twelvemonth per inmate would be saved. A public tanning would non be associated with regard and mark of manhood or position symbol that prison serves for many wrongdoers. Floging he believes would discourage many of the first clip wrongdoers and young person along with forestalling them from being repetition and long clip wrongdoers. The hurting, cicatrixs, and embarrassment of public tannings would far transcend the value or put on the line reward benefit of makin g a junior-grade offense therefore coercing people to believe about their actions before they did it. Jacoby contends that he is diffident whether being whipped is more degrading that being caged. At the terminal of his essay he draws attending to the point of the awful hazard of being raped in prison as an statement in favour of replacing imprisonment with whipping. I think that Jacoby entreaties to the readers sense of understanding for the wrongly accused a nd incarcerated, along with the non-violent criminals in prison. Jacoby asserts that many will value the worth of welting being that it could forestall wrongly accused or non-violent wrongdoers from being incarcerated and subjected to the awful hazard of being raped along with the other unsafe conditions in prison. All this holds true presuming that public welting serves it supposed intent, and the awful hazards of prison are a confirmed world. When Jacoby in paragraph three provinces that today we are more enlightened than our Puritan sires where they used welting we lock offenders up in coops, he is portraying a method of verbal sarcasm ( irony ) . He continues his sarcastic voice when he lists a condemnable act and provinces that each penalty seems to be captivity. His sarcasm of the modern twenty-four hours justness system is even more noticeable when he claims that prison is the all intent, all in one penalty. His concluding statement of the essay that possibly the Puritans where more enlightened than we thought contradicts one of his initial statements reasoning that we are more enlightened that the Puritans how we cage offenders confirms his sarcasm or verbal sarcasm in his essay. The inquiry arises toward Jacoby s first ground for welting. Jacoby s instance for the overpopulation and development of new establishments doesn t find favour in my eyes. Yes, the revenue enhancement paying American is paying for the prison system, but he besides pays to use many of the rectification officers along with the contractors who build and restore many of the establishments. Thus the penal system is supplying occupations for many Americans. Secondly captivity is a more dependable method of procuring violent felons for a clip as opposed to welting them in public merely to let go of them back on the street with an intensified retribution. Surveies have shown that many felons better themselves in prison such as acquiring a high school, college sheepskin, or even merchandise grades. To state that a stretch in prison is a mark of manhood or a position symbol for many inmates is a affair of sentiment. Jacoby s study about the high hazard of colza in prison can be an overdone sta tistic which may include degenerative prisons, or may merely include a homosexual population in prison. The general statement of the sum of inmates raped per twelvemonth in prison International Relations and Security Network t a conclusive figure without interrupting down all the variables of the statistic. Surveies done by psychologists on the usage of bodily penalty in striplings has shown to be effectual for short term sums of clip but has negative long term effects. One such consequence is demoing the receiver that force is an acceptable signifier of behaviour along with increasing non compliant behaviour for the hereafter. Bodily penalty may besides show a job in many non violent wrongdoers as it may learn them that the manner to allow out dissatisfaction is by physically mistreating others. Leting bodily penalty may open the door to other barbarous and agonizing methods of condemnable control which may necessarily take to misdemeanor of 1s rights. Jacoby does present some promising penetration to welting as an alternate method of penalty compared to incarceration. Such as the pecuniary facets which can be put away into a preventative plan. Public fright of perpetrating junior-grade offenses, which would ensue in public tannings transcending the cost wages benefit. Even the reduced hazard of prison colza particularly for non violent wrongdoers. In a concluding analysis of the pros and cons of Corporal penalty, it seems that the present penal system until farther surveies on the option are conclusive, should stay in consequence. Bodily penalty does supply some penetration, although nowadayss excessively many hazards and negative possibilities at this clip. Bibliography 1. Jacoby, Jeff Bring Back Flogging, Boston Globe Feb. 20 1997. 2. Sylvan Barnet, Hugo Bedau, A philosophers position: The Toulmin Model Current Issues and Enduring inquiries pg 251 Bedford St Martins 1999. 32e alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-34285697595591982972019-11-25T03:22:00.001-08:002019-11-25T03:22:04.845-08:00Family Counterculture Essay ExampleFamily Counterculture Essay Example Family Counterculture Essay Family Counterculture Essay Family Counterculture l believe the children are our future. Teach them well and let them lead the war. These are the years from Greatest Love Of All song of Whitney Houston. After listening lyrics of this song, I realized that children are very Important In our life because they are the happiness of family today and the future of our world. Thus, investment for children is investment for our future. However, it is not easy to raise hillier to be good residents in the future, especially in society today, children have chances to contact and use technology as television, computer, and phone. There are a lot of parents believe that watching television has negative effects on children, but some of them think television brings advantages for childrens development. Watching television helps children learn and acquire knowledge faster, also helps children reduce stress after school time. First of all, the best way to memorize knowledge is using pictures and sounds which are on television. If you have choices between reading a book and watching a video from television about animal world, which one do you choose? Reading or watching? I am sure that a lot of children choose watching video because the pictures and the sounds from video help them feel Interested and remember longer than reading. In fact. When I was a child, I did not Like history because It Is so boring; therefore, every time I went to history class, I slept. So my history teacher found a ewe way to teach his students was giving so many movie clips that related to his lesson. : Finally, my friends and I felt Curious and excited when we watched his movies. After that, I found some shows on television which were about history, and I watched them for a long time. In addition, television does not only provide knowledge about history or animal that are very helpful for children, also provides new information about the world as astronomy, universe, and science. Moreover, after school time, children need to relax and have fun, so watching elevation can help to reduce stress. For example, my cousin usually watches cartoon on television after his school. He laughs and has fun when he enjoys cartoon. He told me that anytime he got bad score in his school or felt not good, he watched cartoon on television that helped him forget everything. Sometimes, he sang and danced with characters from programs. Besides, relaxation Is an Important factor In the life. For adult, they can go out with their friends, or playing music that helps them reduce tress; however, children cant do that. They are still young to go out with friends, so watching television is the best way to reduce stress. To sum up, watching television does not only help children acquire new knowledge fast and remember long, also helps to reduce stress. Everything has advantages and disadvantages; the most Important thing Is how parents control and children combine learning new knowledge with relax by watching television appropriate? If children feel comfortable, they will study faster and more effective. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-49207860436656833082019-11-21T10:46:00.001-08:002019-11-21T10:46:03.357-08:00Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3Research Proposal - Essay Example To quit smoking is almost synonymous with ensuring a greener earth to our society, a healthy life for the future generations and a much more peaceful and trouble-free life for the smokers. It has often been found that people smoke out of frustration or a number of other concocted reasons. But the truth is that the addiction increases our vulnerability to all those factors ââ¬â it exposes us to health as well as mental illness. In fact, it is not only the active smokers who are susceptible to the harms, but the passive smokers too, especially the children who have relatively a much lower immunity power. Smoking seems to be worth quitting from a political aspect as well. Most domestic governments have levy heavy duties on tobacco products. People, who find smoking irresistible, often ignore these facts, when the truth is that they could actually save a lumpsum amount of their money through getting rid of the habit ââ¬â on the other hand, tobacco tax is considered to be one of the most important sources of government revenues. Dr. Damien De Walque in 2004 found that education had a great impact among the educated youth of the American society about their smoking behaviours. He statistically tested the hypothesis about the effect that education had on the smoking habits of people, on the basis of sample data collected since 1950 and found that the effect to be statistically significant (De Walque, 2004).1 Layte and Whelan in 2006 found that the people belonging to the lower strata of the society, viz., the blue-collar class in North America, were found to be more prone to smoking habits than those belonging to the professional or managerial class. One of the reasons cited behind this behaviour was the impact of education.2 Keeler and Hu in 1998 also found out that formal education had a statistically significant impact on the awareness of the people alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-27888480337704880592019-11-20T13:13:00.001-08:002019-11-20T13:13:06.310-08:00Classical Republican Model of Citizenship EssayClassical Republican Model of Citizenship - Essay Example The classical republican model emphasizes more about the common good than the rights. It has three basic components based on the old Roman ideas; these are: res publice, virtus and civitas. These three concepts can be easily defined in our terminology as the following: With this concept of model, the people living in the society are concerned about the common good of the people more than their own benefits or rights and that is how a good life is possible. In a society, following such a framework, live in together with no exterior violence and have the internal cruel and arbitrary use of authority. The main tool of protection is the rule of law. It states that by following such a model people can enjoy the mutual respect and are able to live in liberty. For this model to follow, variety of republican tools are needed that work accordingly to make the government secure and stable. And these institutes need a strong moral background to work effectively. Citizens are advised to be active politically, participate in political activities and share their views. They should be well aware of their duties and responsibilities and should exercise them regularly to build up a successful society as defined by the laws of classical republican model of citizenship. The righteous energy to perform in political activities is provided to the citizens. For this they need to be honest, loyal and courageous. Religion and the compulsory education are the components of this model. According to this model of citizenship, a criterion is provided for the citizens following which they can become the ideal citizens. The duties of all the citizens are decided. This leads towards the ideal of direct democracy that means that all citizens play the equal part in political decisions. It means the rule by the people as apposed to the rule by the monarch. It demands the citizens to hold back their personal interests for their country. A framework of rules of law is defined for the citizenship that stresses on the individuals right. The objects of acts of virtue can easily be found in the classical republican model of citizenship, a feeling of eagerness that directs towards the simulation. It is the duty of every citizen to participate equally in the politics of the society hat is why he is called the political animal. The citizens are required to be virtuous, that is they need to opt for the decision that is in common benefit of every one over their individual interests. In this model it is not necessarily followed that the good work which is praised for its gracefulness really needs the admiration. From which it doesn't really benefit the other people, there is no advantage or profit for the people concerned, and that does not create any enthusiasm for simulation of such acts, or has any leaning or urge on them alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-43806089820005385142019-11-18T08:48:00.001-08:002019-11-18T08:48:04.062-08:00PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsPSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES - Assignment Example In addition the recent development in the field of genetics and molecular biology has enabled psychologists to have a better understanding about human behavioral and mental processes (Barondes). Though the biological approach was initially shunned by scientists such as Freud who invented the psychoanalytical approach the numerous advances made in the field of biology has contributed immensely towards the understanding of human psychology. There has also been a greater understanding of the mechanism of drug action for psychiatry treatment due to these biological advances and as a result drugs are being used effectively to cure mental illnesses. The advances made in genetic study of psychiatric disorders have enabled researchers to identify the causes for these illnesses, especially those with no observable neuropathological conditions, and the study of the molecular biology of the receptors will help in development of more effective drugs for psychological disorders. In the two most p revalent psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder, genetics has been found to play a very prominent role and with the new DNA mapping techniques it has been possible to identify the hereditary genes (Barondes; Sammons). Inheritance of these faulty genes in turn influences the nervous system thereby giving rise of the symptoms of the disorder (Sammons). alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-11613297435601548172019-11-15T21:20:00.001-08:002019-11-15T21:20:11.062-08:00Evolution of Hybrid CarsEvolution of Hybrid Cars 1. Introduction: The European government is trying to explore market and infrastructure issues related to an innovative, narrow-lane commuter car under development by a major auto manufacturer. In sufficient numbers, this vehicle offers an opportunity to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure, reduce the states dependence on petroleum and lower emissions of air pollutants. The commuter car is an innovative vehicle concept that is comparable to a motorcycle in size but offers advantages similar to an automobile in comfort, utility and safety. Depending upon the customer requirements a commuter car can be designed either a three-wheel or four-wheel. Passenger emenities similar to those available in standard automobiles, including climate control systems high quality stereo systems, and passenger restraint devices, would be available as options in this commuter car. This car offers several advantages that are inherent in the design. This report presents the product specifications which are going to be designed through different softwares, material selection and the market research analysis. 2. Evolution of Hybrid Cars: A hybrid automobile is a means of transportation employing two power sources; it uses a Re-chargeable energy storage system found on board and a fuelled power source as the vehicles ambition. The hybrid car pollutes much less and uses not as much fuel. Back in 1899, Ferdinand Porsche have developed and led the way to the initial working hybrid-electric vehicle. On the other hand, there was no key vehicle manufacturer who invested in the hybrid idea and mass produced hybrid cars until the late twentieth century. The hybrid technology was mainly utilized in developing diesel-electric submarines in the course of that interim period. Yet, the submarines major objective was to conserve oxygen as opposed to spend less fuel. Throughout the later years, submarines have evolved and have begun using the nuclear power as an alternative for diesel. During the 1990s, the Toyota Prius plus the Honda Insight were the very first profitable hybrid cars available in the market. It was two of the pioneers inside the hybrid auto idea which virtually adjusted the way the world considers cars. An idealistic inventor, Victor Wouk, manufactured a hybrid electric and gas car that siphoned fuel at half the quantity as practically all the other cars becoming built then. He built the hybrid car thirty years before the Toyota Prius got the attention of the U.S. as an energy- uneasy nation. And now the striking capabilities of the creation of Wouk, the hybrid cars, are now able to be an incredibly great support relating to less gas ingestion and less air pollution. Wouk and Rosen put up a start up business particularly to develop their hybrid car thought and made it easy to be on the market and be utilized as a regular automobile that belched less harmful vapors than up-to-date vehicles. The Prius Ever since the Toyota Prius, fuel efficient car was released on the market; it has been able to remain as the premier option of hybrid cars available. It is a fact that old hybrid cars looks more like an alien automobile and cost much more than the conventional car. Yet, because of the most up-to-date technologies installed in newer versions of hybrid cars, it looks extra like a conventional car and is far less expensive than its predecessors. It is a fact that hybrid cars these days look a whole lot like conventional cars. The Civic Hybrid can get 50 miles in mere 1 gallon of gasoline. During the year 2004, Ford has developed and introduced the initial hybrid SUV that is the Ford Escape Hybrid. A year later, Toyota also introduced their line of hybrid SUV called the Highlander Hybrid. Because of the increasing requirement for hybrid cars, other auto manufacturers are now following the footsteps of the other companies who already brought out a version of their hybrid car on the market. As an example, Nissan is now going to develop and introduce a hybrid version of the Nissan Altima. Presently, over 300,000 hybrid cars are running on American roads wherein 95 percent of them are Japanese made. The hybrid vehicles are really quite distinct technologies that can both reduce financial outlay and our environment. 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID CARS: A hybrid is anything that uses two or more sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion. Two power sources set up in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. The engine and the electric motor together can turn the transmission at identical time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels as shown in the figure1. The different ways in which the power sources establish in car are describe as follows: Series Hybrid Cars. Parallel Hybrid Cars. Series-Parallel Cars. 3.1 Series Hybrid Cars: The simplest of hybrid configuration is the Series Hybrid Car. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only resource of providing power to get wheels turning. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. The Battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and regenerative braking. The engine in a series drive train is typically smaller because it only meets the average driving power demands. The battery pack in these Hybrid cars generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrid providing remaining peak driving power needs. Series hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids as the larger battery and motor with the generator add to the cost. While the engine in a conventional vehicle is forced to operate inefficiently to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in such conditions, as the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power range at near optimum efficiency , which eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Because series drive trains perform best in stop-and-go driving are primarily being considered for buses and other urban work vehicles. The figure below shows the process of series hybrid car 3.2 Parallel Hybrid Car: In parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the wheels are driven by the power generated from both the engine and the electric motor. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. Parallel hybrids use a smaller battery pack and mainly depend on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, same as that of an alternator in conventional cars. In this setup the wheels are directly connected to the engine, which eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical power to electricity and back, which makes these hybrids quite efficient on the highway. The same direct connection between the engine and the wheels that increases highway efficiency compared to a series hybrid does reduce, but not eliminate, the city driving efficiency benefits. The figure below shows the process of parallel hybrid cars 3.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid Car: This drive train merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drive trains. As a result of combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drive train) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drive train). Therefore, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often because of this dual drive train. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drive train is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system is expensive than that of a pure parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drive train has the potential to perform better than either of the systems alone. The figure below shows the series-parallel hybrid process. 4. Project Planning: As can be seen in figure 4, the project plan includes the timescale of the project as a whole, from the beginning to the end. It outlines the various stages of the project highlighting the objectives and deliverables of each part of the project. It also defines the deadlines of each stage so as to assure that the project runs as per the schedule desired. However, it has to be taken into account that all the real world situations cannot be accounted for and hence, a safety period of appropriate measure has to be incorporated into each stage or at the end of the project. This assures that the deadlines will be met even in the event of unforeseeable circumstances. The project plan in itself is not a sufficient tool to manage a project of this magnitude. Hence, various other management tools were used during the course of this project to facilitate in the timely completion and effective management of the time and resources available to the team as a whole as well as, as individuals. These management tools include Gantt chart, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Critical Path Analysis (CPA), Program Evaluation and Review (PERT), SWOT Analysis etc. 4.1 GANTT CHART: Gantt chart is a bar chart known after Henry Gantt who designed his chart in the beginning of 20th century. It shows a very clear and easily explicable manner of the project structure in terms of time and individual tasks and subtasks. The project time schedule was visualized and optimized using Gantt chart. In this case, the CHV project was divided into eleven main tasks: 1. market research, 2. technical research, 3. target setting, 4. concept development, 5. concept finalization, 6. further concept development, 7. management analysis and 8. Report. These tasks, in certain cases, are subdivided into subtasks, usually assigned to a particular group member responsible for that part. Name(s) of the member(s) working on an individual task are written near the blue bar, which represents the time duration of the task. The project Gantt Chart is shown in APPENDIX-1: 4.2 Critical Path Analysis: Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a management tool that analyzes all the tasks required for completing the project, paying specific attention to the time required for the completion of each activity. It is used to formulate, schedule and manage the various milestones or activities in the project. It was developed in the 1950s to control large defiance projects and have been used routinely from then (mindtools.com).The critical path analysis for the CHV project was useful in:- Identifying all major activities requiring time. Time required for each activity was estimated and the overall project plan. Logical sequencing of these activities. For drawing the CPA first step was listing out the major activity. The next step is to sequence the activities into a logical order based on when it must or is most likely to occur i.e. certain activities will logically proceed after an activity while certain activities will be taking place parallel to each other. After sequencing, the time period required to complete each activity was determined. Time is represented in most networks as days. The time period for each activity was calculated taking into account the suggestions made by group members and considering other factors such as how many people will be working on each task, how many working days etc. As can be seen in Table 1, the findings are recorded in table format for easy look. The table also records the sequence of the activities as series, meaning occurs after another activity, and parallel, meaning occurring along with another activity. The dependence of an activity is also mentioned in the table. Table1: From the table 1 below, a chart is drawn in Figure 5 which represents the activities in circles and the time taken to complete an activity is stated on the arrow joining two activities. From the above CPA this project requires 62 minimum numbers of days for the completion of the project. 4.3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a planning method that analysis the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for a project. SWOT is a model that helps in assessment of a firm of what it can and cannot do along with the potential opportunities and threats. In SWOT analysis the information is separated into internal and external issues and each issue is addressed. SWOT analysis is useful in helping the group in meeting its objectives and also the obstacles to overcome to meet the desired result. The SWOT analysis carried out by the group is shown below, in APPENDIX-2.. The analysis was done, the strength and weakness of the group were put down along with its opportunities available for CHV was discussed and the barriers which could prove serious for the CHV project were taken into consideration . The ways to minimize the threats were also discussed with the help of group.. 4.4 3Ps: Similar as other analysis techniques such as QFD or DFMEA, 3Ps is a management aiding method designed to help designers make better plans. The major function of 3Ps is to find disadvantages faced during a specific time for the period of the project, then to workout them. So 3P is the combination of Progress against Plan, Problems with the Progress and Plan to solve Problems. All team members knew the weakness of this project by making 3Ps and the main problems in it have to be solved. It is very useful method because it shows the current conditions of the project; especially the direction designers should pay more concentration. The disadvantage of the project is known at the beginning and makes people think about it. 5. Market research: The first step of the project, as per the Gantt chart and the project planning was market research. This includes researching on the current vehicles that are available in the market and are due to be available within the next 3-6 months. Also to be considered is the market evaluation i.e. what types of vehicles are the customers most inclined to buy and what is the most desirable from CVs. As the project specification includes that the vehicle is to be a family hatchback powered by an electric battery and IC engine, the ââ¬Å"Chevrolet Voltâ⬠or the ââ¬Å"Honda Insightâ⬠cars were taken as bench marking. The market research results are shown in Table 5. 5.1 Comparison of vehicles using different sources as energy: l. Petrol car: A journey of 68 miles each day consumes 2.5 gallons of fuel and takes 2 hours. Amount of energy in fuel = 5.14 x 108 joules Thermal power = 71.3 kW Mechanical power = 20 kW average Efficiency = 28% 2. Battery electric car as secondary transport. Power station efficiency 40% Electric car efficiency 80% OVERALL 32% CONCLUSION: Pollution is moved from car to power station. There is only an environmental return if the cars performance is sacrificed or the power station is non-thermal and range/performance is limited. 3. Fuel-cell electric car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to hydrogen conversion 75% Fuel-cell hydrogen to electricity 58% Electricity to mechanical power 87% OVERALL 38% (potential for 41% in 10 years) CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 88%; fuel consumption is 60% of petrol vehicle and Performance /range are as petrol vehicle. 4. Hybrid car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to electricity Via lean burn petrol engine 45% Electricity to mechanical power 90% OVERALL 40.5% CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 70% and fuel consumption is 70% of petrol vehicle with performance/range as the petrol vehicle. So from the above comparison Hybrid car is the best transport CV which reduces the pollution and fuel consumption with good performance. 6. Technical Research: The next step is the technical research. It includes researching the technologies currently available in the market for the major components of the CHV. The major components of the CHV were divided into several components as below Batteries. Motors and Controllers. Aerodynamic. Regenerative braking. IC Engine. Transmission and Safety and homologation. 6.1 BATTERIES: The battery package is an essential element of an electric vehicle. Its electrical properties determines the vehicle driving range, while its physical properties must be consider during suspension design, vehicle architecture, etc. According to Larminie and Lowry (2003), batteries are the component with highest cost, weight and volume. Generally, a battery consists of two or more electric cells, which are joined together and generate DC electricity. There are several parameters describing the properties of a battery such as internal resistance, charge capacity, energy stored [Wh] or specific energy [Wh.kg-1]. Service temperature is a very important factor influencing the battery performance. Several different types of batteries were identified during research (Larminie and Lowry 2003): Lead-acid batteries: This is widely used with main constituents lead, sulphuric acid, plastic container which are available at low cost. However, lead acid batteries have a very low specific energy. Therefore, a battery with sufficient capacity using this technology would be very heavy. As a result, lead acid batteries are used in low-cost and low-range electric vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries: These batteries have a specific energy nearly twice that of lead-acid batteries. They possess a low self-discharge capability and are able to work in wide range of temperature (-40à °C to 80à °C). The presence cadmium is considered as a major drawback. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were used in electric cars. Nickel-metal hydride batteries: As of the abbreviation NiMH, these are used in hybrid vehicles. The main principle is as like that of nickel-cadmium batteries, but the negative electrode uses hydrogen absorbed in metal hydride instead of cadmium. In addition NiMH batteries have higher specific energy. But, their self-discharge rate is relatively high which is ten times to that of NiCd. Since the reaction running in the battery is exothermic, a NiMH battery package must be cooled. Sodium-based batteries: In spite of high specific energy, sodium-based batteries have serious disadvantages that exclude it from commercial use of hybrid vehicle. Its operating temperature lies in the range of 300-350à °C. Once the battery is cooled down, it must be slowly reheated before operation and this process can take up to 24 hours. Besides, keeping the battery at its required temperature requires approximately 100 W of power. Lithium batteries: Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the latest stage in battery development providing the best performance for electric vehicles. They have a high specific energy and consequently a very low overall weight. This type of battery is used by the most recent electric vehicle available in the market (e.g. Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Tesla Roadster). The crucial disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high cost. Table 6: Battery comparison table Assumed input data ICE vehicle consumption: 4 l/100 km of diesel fuel (Volkswagen 2010) Diesel fuel specific energy: 40 kWh/kg Diesel fuel density: 0.832 kg/l ICE vehicle fuel ââ â wheels efficiency: 10% EV vehicle fuel ââ â wheels efficiency: 70% According to the input data, the required capacity of the battery pack is from 46 kWh to 61 kWh. According to specific energy of individual battery type the battery weight can be estimated (Table 7). For the desired range, lead acid batteries are far too heavy to be applied in a family hatchback. However, they can be considered as a cheap alternative for a low-range electric vehicle. Table 7:Battery Comparison according to range According to the table above, lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable option. If the latest technology is used (Nissan Leafs laminated Li-Ion batteries), specific energy can reach 140 kW/h (Weissler 2010), and thus the battery weight can be further reduced. In addition to this, the latest development shows a good potential in increasing Li-ion battery performance by means of nanotechnology. Furthermore, according to various prediction e.g. by The Boston Consulting Group (2010), the battery cost are about to decrease with the increase of production volume and it can be more than 50 % in the year 2020. 6.2 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERS: Motors is considered to be one of the main part of the electric vehicle .In a pure electric vehicle the motor provides the required torque directly to the wheels. However, the motor rotates at constant speed, so to vary the speed of the vehicle a potentiometer needs to be attached. The speed control of the vehicle is made possible by DC or AC (inverters) controllers. The accelerator pedal is attached to a potentiometer (variable resistor) which is further attached to the DC or AC controllers. The force on the accelerator pedal is directly proportional to the current delivered to the controller. Depending on the current supplied, the controller delivers power to the motor. The working of DC controller varies with an AC controller. For selecting a motor the main features that are important for an electric vehicle are good efficiency, high torque, low maintenance, moderate cost and easy to control. Figure 4 shows the basic layout of the motor and controller in an electric vehicle. The three motors considered for the concept were:- AC Synchronous Motor. DC Brushless Motor AC Induction Motor AC 3 synchronous motor is the latest type of motor used in electric vehicle. The main characteristic of AC 3 synchronous motor is that the motor runs at synchronous speed i.e. the field winding locks with the rotating magnetic fields and rotates along with it. The AC 3 synchronous motors has many advantages .Usually the AC induction motor works at lagging power factor but the AC 3 synchronous motor works at leading power factor which means improved efficiency and reduction in voltage drop .Accurate speed control is possible which makes synchronous motors an ideal choice .Synchronous motors have speed/torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of loads. A smooth the torque curve results in better performance of the vehicle. It has good heat dissipation and overloading capacity .The absence of magnets also reduce the cost of maintenance. Regeneration of energy is easily possible in an AC 3 synchronous motor by reversing the current. AC 3 synchronous motors has cer tain disadvantages such as it is not a self starting motor i.e. a separate motor (pony motor) is required to drive it till it reaches synchronization. Since it is relatively a new technology the price of the motor is comparatively higher. DC Brushless Motor or BLDC is the most common motor used in hybrid vehicles. A BLDC motor is similar to AC 3 synchronous motor. It has got good torque characteristics and also absence of slip. The heat dissipation and overloading characteristics is commendable for a BLDC motor. But BLDC motor is considered to be less efficient than the other three motors because of many factors. It has m alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7561517151940408812.post-43648969823182406822019-11-13T09:52:00.001-08:002019-11-13T09:52:05.030-08:00Rivalry In A Separate Peace :: essays research papers Every person feels rivalry or competition towards others at some point in their lives. This rivalry greatly affects our ability to understand others, and this eventually results in paranoia and hostility. It is a part of human nature, that people coldly drive ahead for their gain alone. Man's inhumanity towards man is a way for people to protect themselves from having pain inflicted on them by others, and achieving their goals and desires without the interference of others. This concept of man's inhumanity to man is developed in A Separate Peace as the primary conflict in the novel centres on the main character, Gene, and his inner-battles with feelings of jealousy, paranoia, and inability to understand his relationship with his best friend Phineas. Competition is further demonstrated by the occurrence of World War II. It is shown that, "There were few relationships among us (the students) at Devon not based on rivalry." (p. 37) It is this rivalry and competition between t he boys at Devon that ripped their friendships apart. In the early pages of the novel, Finny confesses that Gene is his best friend. This is considered a courageous act as the students at Devon rarely show any emotion. And rather than coming back with similar affection, Gene holds back and says nothing. Gene simply cannot handle the fact that Finny is so compassionate, so athletic, so ingenuitive, so perfect. As he put it, "Phineas could get away with anything." (p. 18) In order to protect himself from accepting Finny's compassion and risking emotional suffering, Gene creates a silent rivalry with Finny, and convinced himself that Finny is deliberately attempting to ruin his schoolwork. Gene decides he and Finny are jealous of each other, and reduces their friendship to cold trickery and hostility. Gene becomes disgusted with himself after weeks of the silent rivalry. He finally discovers the truth, that Finny only wants the best for Gene, and had no hidden evil intentions. This creates a conflict for Gene as he is not able to deal with Finny's purity and his own dark emotions. On this very day Finny wants to jump off of the tree branch into the Devon river at the same time as Gene, a "double jump" (p. 51), he says, as a way of bonding. It was this decision, caused by Finny's affection for Gene and outgoing ways that resulted in drastic change for the rest of his life. alexandermart36http://www.blogger.com/profile/11239742662950841185noreply@blogger.com0