Bring Back Flogging Essay Research Paper Bring free essay sample

Bring Back Flogging Essay, Research Paper Bring Back Floging This essay by Jeff Jacoby illustrates an writers usage of dry irony otherwise known as sarcasm to support and exemplify his platform on his place. Jacoby utilizations in this essay verbal sarcasm ( persuasion in the signifier of ridicule ) . In the sarcasm of this kind there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant. Jacoby s claim in simple is he believes that welting should be brought back to replace the more standard conventional method of the imprisonment of violent and non-violent wrongdoers. His evidences for the resurgence of welting stems back to his initial reference of the Puritan penalty system. He cites how in 1632 Richard Hopkins was Flogged and branded for selling guns and arms to the Indians, how Joseph Gatchell in 1684 convicted of blasphemy, had his lingua pierced with a hot Fe, and eventually in 1694 Hannah Newell and her consort were lashed for criminal conversation. We will write a custom essay sample on Bring Back Flogging Essay Research Paper Bring or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He concludes that the bodily penalty system did non disappear with the Puritans, Deleware did non acquire around to revoking it till 1972. Jacoby s irony can be noted by the manner he illustrates the penalty of assorted Acts of the Apostless. He notes in a list that slayers, drug traders, and other Acts of the Apostless finally end up in prison. Prison he says seems to be the all intent, all in one penalty. His statistical grounds is that of the galvanizing 1.6 million Americans behind bars today. This represents a 250 % addition since 1980. Harmonizing to him we cage persons at an dismaying rate despite the general consensus of the condemnable system being a failure. He cites the information of Princeton criminologist John DiIlulio that approximately three out of four criminals are released early or non locked up at all. Many of them are on the streets without meaningful word or supervising. And while many believe that recreational hoods should be deterred before they become career felons, it is about unheard of for Judgess to direct foremost or 2nd clip wrongdoers to imprison. Jacoby so goes on to roast our current penal system by gauging the cost to cage felons at about 30 1000 per inmate per twelvemonth. Jacoby believes that prison is a graduate school of condemnable surveies, that they emerge more ruthless and understanding so when they entered. Besides for many of them, prison is a mark of manhood or even a position symbol. In 1994 the Globe reported that more than two 100 thousand prison inmates are raped each twelvemonth, normally to the indifference of the guards. Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun has written that the horrors experienced by many immature inmates peculiarly those of nonviolent discourtesies are impossible. Jacoby s statement of welting efforts to demo how it can be more productive over the conventional method of penalty apparently the lone manner, imprisonment. His beliefs are that public tannings will forestall young persons and first clip wrongdoers from going womb-to-tomb criminals. The benefits deduced from his statement for welting presuming it proves to be conclusive would be such. Lowering the rate of criminals in gaol, liberating up infinite for the more violent wrongdoers. The shocking estimated sum of 30 thousand a twelvemonth per inmate would be saved. A public tanning would non be associated with regard and mark of manhood or position symbol that prison serves for many wrongdoers. Floging he believes would discourage many of the first clip wrongdoers and young person along with forestalling them from being repetition and long clip wrongdoers. The hurting, cicatrixs, and embarrassment of public tannings would far transcend the value or put on the line reward benefit of makin g a junior-grade offense therefore coercing people to believe about their actions before they did it. Jacoby contends that he is diffident whether being whipped is more degrading that being caged. At the terminal of his essay he draws attending to the point of the awful hazard of being raped in prison as an statement in favour of replacing imprisonment with whipping. I think that Jacoby entreaties to the readers sense of understanding for the wrongly accused a nd incarcerated, along with the non-violent criminals in prison. Jacoby asserts that many will value the worth of welting being that it could forestall wrongly accused or non-violent wrongdoers from being incarcerated and subjected to the awful hazard of being raped along with the other unsafe conditions in prison. All this holds true presuming that public welting serves it supposed intent, and the awful hazards of prison are a confirmed world. When Jacoby in paragraph three provinces that today we are more enlightened than our Puritan sires where they used welting we lock offenders up in coops, he is portraying a method of verbal sarcasm ( irony ) . He continues his sarcastic voice when he lists a condemnable act and provinces that each penalty seems to be captivity. His sarcasm of the modern twenty-four hours justness system is even more noticeable when he claims that prison is the all intent, all in one penalty. His concluding statement of the essay that possibly the Puritans where more enlightened than we thought contradicts one of his initial statements reasoning that we are more enlightened that the Puritans how we cage offenders confirms his sarcasm or verbal sarcasm in his essay. The inquiry arises toward Jacoby s first ground for welting. Jacoby s instance for the overpopulation and development of new establishments doesn t find favour in my eyes. Yes, the revenue enhancement paying American is paying for the prison system, but he besides pays to use many of the rectification officers along with the contractors who build and restore many of the establishments. Thus the penal system is supplying occupations for many Americans. Secondly captivity is a more dependable method of procuring violent felons for a clip as opposed to welting them in public merely to let go of them back on the street with an intensified retribution. Surveies have shown that many felons better themselves in prison such as acquiring a high school, college sheepskin, or even merchandise grades. To state that a stretch in prison is a mark of manhood or a position symbol for many inmates is a affair of sentiment. Jacoby s study about the high hazard of colza in prison can be an overdone sta tistic which may include degenerative prisons, or may merely include a homosexual population in prison. The general statement of the sum of inmates raped per twelvemonth in prison International Relations and Security Network t a conclusive figure without interrupting down all the variables of the statistic. Surveies done by psychologists on the usage of bodily penalty in striplings has shown to be effectual for short term sums of clip but has negative long term effects. One such consequence is demoing the receiver that force is an acceptable signifier of behaviour along with increasing non compliant behaviour for the hereafter. Bodily penalty may besides show a job in many non violent wrongdoers as it may learn them that the manner to allow out dissatisfaction is by physically mistreating others. Leting bodily penalty may open the door to other barbarous and agonizing methods of condemnable control which may necessarily take to misdemeanor of 1s rights. Jacoby does present some promising penetration to welting as an alternate method of penalty compared to incarceration. Such as the pecuniary facets which can be put away into a preventative plan. Public fright of perpetrating junior-grade offenses, which would ensue in public tannings transcending the cost wages benefit. Even the reduced hazard of prison colza particularly for non violent wrongdoers. In a concluding analysis of the pros and cons of Corporal penalty, it seems that the present penal system until farther surveies on the option are conclusive, should stay in consequence. Bodily penalty does supply some penetration, although nowadayss excessively many hazards and negative possibilities at this clip. Bibliography 1. Jacoby, Jeff Bring Back Flogging, Boston Globe Feb. 20 1997. 2. Sylvan Barnet, Hugo Bedau, A philosophers position: The Toulmin Model Current Issues and Enduring inquiries pg 251 Bedford St Martins 1999. 32e

Family Counterculture Essay Example

Family Counterculture Essay Example Family Counterculture Essay Family Counterculture Essay Family Counterculture l believe the children are our future. Teach them well and let them lead the war. These are the years from Greatest Love Of All song of Whitney Houston. After listening lyrics of this song, I realized that children are very Important In our life because they are the happiness of family today and the future of our world. Thus, investment for children is investment for our future. However, it is not easy to raise hillier to be good residents in the future, especially in society today, children have chances to contact and use technology as television, computer, and phone. There are a lot of parents believe that watching television has negative effects on children, but some of them think television brings advantages for childrens development. Watching television helps children learn and acquire knowledge faster, also helps children reduce stress after school time. First of all, the best way to memorize knowledge is using pictures and sounds which are on television. If you have choices between reading a book and watching a video from television about animal world, which one do you choose? Reading or watching? I am sure that a lot of children choose watching video because the pictures and the sounds from video help them feel Interested and remember longer than reading. In fact. When I was a child, I did not Like history because It Is so boring; therefore, every time I went to history class, I slept. So my history teacher found a ewe way to teach his students was giving so many movie clips that related to his lesson. : Finally, my friends and I felt Curious and excited when we watched his movies. After that, I found some shows on television which were about history, and I watched them for a long time. In addition, television does not only provide knowledge about history or animal that are very helpful for children, also provides new information about the world as astronomy, universe, and science. Moreover, after school time, children need to relax and have fun, so watching elevation can help to reduce stress. For example, my cousin usually watches cartoon on television after his school. He laughs and has fun when he enjoys cartoon. He told me that anytime he got bad score in his school or felt not good, he watched cartoon on television that helped him forget everything. Sometimes, he sang and danced with characters from programs. Besides, relaxation Is an Important factor In the life. For adult, they can go out with their friends, or playing music that helps them reduce tress; however, children cant do that. They are still young to go out with friends, so watching television is the best way to reduce stress. To sum up, watching television does not only help children acquire new knowledge fast and remember long, also helps to reduce stress. Everything has advantages and disadvantages; the most Important thing Is how parents control and children combine learning new knowledge with relax by watching television appropriate? If children feel comfortable, they will study faster and more effective.

Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research Proposal - Essay Example To quit smoking is almost synonymous with ensuring a greener earth to our society, a healthy life for the future generations and a much more peaceful and trouble-free life for the smokers. It has often been found that people smoke out of frustration or a number of other concocted reasons. But the truth is that the addiction increases our vulnerability to all those factors – it exposes us to health as well as mental illness. In fact, it is not only the active smokers who are susceptible to the harms, but the passive smokers too, especially the children who have relatively a much lower immunity power. Smoking seems to be worth quitting from a political aspect as well. Most domestic governments have levy heavy duties on tobacco products. People, who find smoking irresistible, often ignore these facts, when the truth is that they could actually save a lumpsum amount of their money through getting rid of the habit – on the other hand, tobacco tax is considered to be one of the most important sources of government revenues. Dr. Damien De Walque in 2004 found that education had a great impact among the educated youth of the American society about their smoking behaviours. He statistically tested the hypothesis about the effect that education had on the smoking habits of people, on the basis of sample data collected since 1950 and found that the effect to be statistically significant (De Walque, 2004).1 Layte and Whelan in 2006 found that the people belonging to the lower strata of the society, viz., the blue-collar class in North America, were found to be more prone to smoking habits than those belonging to the professional or managerial class. One of the reasons cited behind this behaviour was the impact of education.2 Keeler and Hu in 1998 also found out that formal education had a statistically significant impact on the awareness of the people

Classical Republican Model of Citizenship Essay

Classical Republican Model of Citizenship - Essay Example The classical republican model emphasizes more about the common good than the rights. It has three basic components based on the old Roman ideas; these are: res publice, virtus and civitas. These three concepts can be easily defined in our terminology as the following: With this concept of model, the people living in the society are concerned about the common good of the people more than their own benefits or rights and that is how a good life is possible. In a society, following such a framework, live in together with no exterior violence and have the internal cruel and arbitrary use of authority. The main tool of protection is the rule of law. It states that by following such a model people can enjoy the mutual respect and are able to live in liberty. For this model to follow, variety of republican tools are needed that work accordingly to make the government secure and stable. And these institutes need a strong moral background to work effectively. Citizens are advised to be active politically, participate in political activities and share their views. They should be well aware of their duties and responsibilities and should exercise them regularly to build up a successful society as defined by the laws of classical republican model of citizenship. The righteous energy to perform in political activities is provided to the citizens. For this they need to be honest, loyal and courageous. Religion and the compulsory education are the components of this model. According to this model of citizenship, a criterion is provided for the citizens following which they can become the ideal citizens. The duties of all the citizens are decided. This leads towards the ideal of direct democracy that means that all citizens play the equal part in political decisions. It means the rule by the people as apposed to the rule by the monarch. It demands the citizens to hold back their personal interests for their country. A framework of rules of law is defined for the citizenship that stresses on the individuals right. The objects of acts of virtue can easily be found in the classical republican model of citizenship, a feeling of eagerness that directs towards the simulation. It is the duty of every citizen to participate equally in the politics of the society hat is why he is called the political animal. The citizens are required to be virtuous, that is they need to opt for the decision that is in common benefit of every one over their individual interests. In this model it is not necessarily followed that the good work which is praised for its gracefulness really needs the admiration. From which it doesn't really benefit the other people, there is no advantage or profit for the people concerned, and that does not create any enthusiasm for simulation of such acts, or has any leaning or urge on them

PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PSYCHOLOGY APPROACHES - Assignment Example In addition the recent development in the field of genetics and molecular biology has enabled psychologists to have a better understanding about human behavioral and mental processes (Barondes). Though the biological approach was initially shunned by scientists such as Freud who invented the psychoanalytical approach the numerous advances made in the field of biology has contributed immensely towards the understanding of human psychology. There has also been a greater understanding of the mechanism of drug action for psychiatry treatment due to these biological advances and as a result drugs are being used effectively to cure mental illnesses. The advances made in genetic study of psychiatric disorders have enabled researchers to identify the causes for these illnesses, especially those with no observable neuropathological conditions, and the study of the molecular biology of the receptors will help in development of more effective drugs for psychological disorders. In the two most p revalent psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder, genetics has been found to play a very prominent role and with the new DNA mapping techniques it has been possible to identify the hereditary genes (Barondes; Sammons). Inheritance of these faulty genes in turn influences the nervous system thereby giving rise of the symptoms of the disorder (Sammons).

Evolution of Hybrid Cars

Evolution of Hybrid Cars 1. Introduction: The European government is trying to explore market and infrastructure issues related to an innovative, narrow-lane commuter car under development by a major auto manufacturer. In sufficient numbers, this vehicle offers an opportunity to increase the capacity of the existing transportation infrastructure, reduce the states dependence on petroleum and lower emissions of air pollutants. The commuter car is an innovative vehicle concept that is comparable to a motorcycle in size but offers advantages similar to an automobile in comfort, utility and safety. Depending upon the customer requirements a commuter car can be designed either a three-wheel or four-wheel. Passenger emenities similar to those available in standard automobiles, including climate control systems high quality stereo systems, and passenger restraint devices, would be available as options in this commuter car. This car offers several advantages that are inherent in the design. This report presents the product specifications which are going to be designed through different softwares, material selection and the market research analysis. 2. Evolution of Hybrid Cars: A hybrid automobile is a means of transportation employing two power sources; it uses a Re-chargeable energy storage system found on board and a fuelled power source as the vehicles ambition. The hybrid car pollutes much less and uses not as much fuel. Back in 1899, Ferdinand Porsche have developed and led the way to the initial working hybrid-electric vehicle. On the other hand, there was no key vehicle manufacturer who invested in the hybrid idea and mass produced hybrid cars until the late twentieth century. The hybrid technology was mainly utilized in developing diesel-electric submarines in the course of that interim period. Yet, the submarines major objective was to conserve oxygen as opposed to spend less fuel. Throughout the later years, submarines have evolved and have begun using the nuclear power as an alternative for diesel. During the 1990s, the Toyota Prius plus the Honda Insight were the very first profitable hybrid cars available in the market. It was two of the pioneers inside the hybrid auto idea which virtually adjusted the way the world considers cars. An idealistic inventor, Victor Wouk, manufactured a hybrid electric and gas car that siphoned fuel at half the quantity as practically all the other cars becoming built then. He built the hybrid car thirty years before the Toyota Prius got the attention of the U.S. as an energy- uneasy nation. And now the striking capabilities of the creation of Wouk, the hybrid cars, are now able to be an incredibly great support relating to less gas ingestion and less air pollution. Wouk and Rosen put up a start up business particularly to develop their hybrid car thought and made it easy to be on the market and be utilized as a regular automobile that belched less harmful vapors than up-to-date vehicles. The Prius Ever since the Toyota Prius, fuel efficient car was released on the market; it has been able to remain as the premier option of hybrid cars available. It is a fact that old hybrid cars looks more like an alien automobile and cost much more than the conventional car. Yet, because of the most up-to-date technologies installed in newer versions of hybrid cars, it looks extra like a conventional car and is far less expensive than its predecessors. It is a fact that hybrid cars these days look a whole lot like conventional cars. The Civic Hybrid can get 50 miles in mere 1 gallon of gasoline. During the year 2004, Ford has developed and introduced the initial hybrid SUV that is the Ford Escape Hybrid. A year later, Toyota also introduced their line of hybrid SUV called the Highlander Hybrid. Because of the increasing requirement for hybrid cars, other auto manufacturers are now following the footsteps of the other companies who already brought out a version of their hybrid car on the market. As an example, Nissan is now going to develop and introduce a hybrid version of the Nissan Altima. Presently, over 300,000 hybrid cars are running on American roads wherein 95 percent of them are Japanese made. The hybrid vehicles are really quite distinct technologies that can both reduce financial outlay and our environment. 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID CARS: A hybrid is anything that uses two or more sources directly or indirectly to provide propulsion. Two power sources set up in a hybrid car in different ways. It has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine and set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. The engine and the electric motor together can turn the transmission at identical time, and the transmission then turns the road wheels as shown in the figure1. The different ways in which the power sources establish in car are describe as follows: Series Hybrid Cars. Parallel Hybrid Cars. Series-Parallel Cars. 3.1 Series Hybrid Cars: The simplest of hybrid configuration is the Series Hybrid Car. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only resource of providing power to get wheels turning. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. The Battery pack is recharged by both the engine/generator and regenerative braking. The engine in a series drive train is typically smaller because it only meets the average driving power demands. The battery pack in these Hybrid cars generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrid providing remaining peak driving power needs. Series hybrids are more expensive than parallel hybrids as the larger battery and motor with the generator add to the cost. While the engine in a conventional vehicle is forced to operate inefficiently to satisfy varying power demands of stop-and-go driving, series hybrids perform at their best in such conditions, as the gasoline engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels. This means the engine is no longer subject to the widely varying power demands experienced in stop-and-go driving and can instead operate in a narrow power range at near optimum efficiency , which eliminates the need for a complicated multi-speed transmission and clutch. Because series drive trains perform best in stop-and-go driving are primarily being considered for buses and other urban work vehicles. The figure below shows the process of series hybrid car 3.2 Parallel Hybrid Car: In parallel hybrid electric vehicle, the wheels are driven by the power generated from both the engine and the electric motor. The addition of computer controls and a transmission allow these components to work together. Parallel hybrids use a smaller battery pack and mainly depend on regenerative braking to keep it recharged. However, when power demands are low, parallel hybrids also utilize the drive motor as a generator for supplemental recharging, same as that of an alternator in conventional cars. In this setup the wheels are directly connected to the engine, which eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical power to electricity and back, which makes these hybrids quite efficient on the highway. The same direct connection between the engine and the wheels that increases highway efficiency compared to a series hybrid does reduce, but not eliminate, the city driving efficiency benefits. The figure below shows the process of parallel hybrid cars 3.3 Series-Parallel Hybrid Car: This drive train merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and series drive trains. As a result of combining the two designs, the engine can both drive the wheels directly (as in the parallel drive train) and be effectively disconnected from the wheels so that only the electric motor powers the wheels (as in the series drive train). Therefore, the engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often because of this dual drive train. At lower speeds it operates more as a series vehicle, while at high speeds, where the series drive train is less efficient, the engine takes over and energy loss is minimized. This system is expensive than that of a pure parallel hybrid since it needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more computing power to control the dual system. However, the series/parallel drive train has the potential to perform better than either of the systems alone. The figure below shows the series-parallel hybrid process. 4. Project Planning: As can be seen in figure 4, the project plan includes the timescale of the project as a whole, from the beginning to the end. It outlines the various stages of the project highlighting the objectives and deliverables of each part of the project. It also defines the deadlines of each stage so as to assure that the project runs as per the schedule desired. However, it has to be taken into account that all the real world situations cannot be accounted for and hence, a safety period of appropriate measure has to be incorporated into each stage or at the end of the project. This assures that the deadlines will be met even in the event of unforeseeable circumstances. The project plan in itself is not a sufficient tool to manage a project of this magnitude. Hence, various other management tools were used during the course of this project to facilitate in the timely completion and effective management of the time and resources available to the team as a whole as well as, as individuals. These management tools include Gantt chart, Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Critical Path Analysis (CPA), Program Evaluation and Review (PERT), SWOT Analysis etc. 4.1 GANTT CHART: Gantt chart is a bar chart known after Henry Gantt who designed his chart in the beginning of 20th century. It shows a very clear and easily explicable manner of the project structure in terms of time and individual tasks and subtasks. The project time schedule was visualized and optimized using Gantt chart. In this case, the CHV project was divided into eleven main tasks: 1. market research, 2. technical research, 3. target setting, 4. concept development, 5. concept finalization, 6. further concept development, 7. management analysis and 8. Report. These tasks, in certain cases, are subdivided into subtasks, usually assigned to a particular group member responsible for that part. Name(s) of the member(s) working on an individual task are written near the blue bar, which represents the time duration of the task. The project Gantt Chart is shown in APPENDIX-1: 4.2 Critical Path Analysis: Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a management tool that analyzes all the tasks required for completing the project, paying specific attention to the time required for the completion of each activity. It is used to formulate, schedule and manage the various milestones or activities in the project. It was developed in the 1950s to control large defiance projects and have been used routinely from then (mindtools.com).The critical path analysis for the CHV project was useful in:- Identifying all major activities requiring time. Time required for each activity was estimated and the overall project plan. Logical sequencing of these activities. For drawing the CPA first step was listing out the major activity. The next step is to sequence the activities into a logical order based on when it must or is most likely to occur i.e. certain activities will logically proceed after an activity while certain activities will be taking place parallel to each other. After sequencing, the time period required to complete each activity was determined. Time is represented in most networks as days. The time period for each activity was calculated taking into account the suggestions made by group members and considering other factors such as how many people will be working on each task, how many working days etc. As can be seen in Table 1, the findings are recorded in table format for easy look. The table also records the sequence of the activities as series, meaning occurs after another activity, and parallel, meaning occurring along with another activity. The dependence of an activity is also mentioned in the table. Table1: From the table 1 below, a chart is drawn in Figure 5 which represents the activities in circles and the time taken to complete an activity is stated on the arrow joining two activities. From the above CPA this project requires 62 minimum numbers of days for the completion of the project. 4.3 SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a planning method that analysis the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for a project. SWOT is a model that helps in assessment of a firm of what it can and cannot do along with the potential opportunities and threats. In SWOT analysis the information is separated into internal and external issues and each issue is addressed. SWOT analysis is useful in helping the group in meeting its objectives and also the obstacles to overcome to meet the desired result. The SWOT analysis carried out by the group is shown below, in APPENDIX-2.. The analysis was done, the strength and weakness of the group were put down along with its opportunities available for CHV was discussed and the barriers which could prove serious for the CHV project were taken into consideration . The ways to minimize the threats were also discussed with the help of group.. 4.4 3Ps: Similar as other analysis techniques such as QFD or DFMEA, 3Ps is a management aiding method designed to help designers make better plans. The major function of 3Ps is to find disadvantages faced during a specific time for the period of the project, then to workout them. So 3P is the combination of Progress against Plan, Problems with the Progress and Plan to solve Problems. All team members knew the weakness of this project by making 3Ps and the main problems in it have to be solved. It is very useful method because it shows the current conditions of the project; especially the direction designers should pay more concentration. The disadvantage of the project is known at the beginning and makes people think about it. 5. Market research: The first step of the project, as per the Gantt chart and the project planning was market research. This includes researching on the current vehicles that are available in the market and are due to be available within the next 3-6 months. Also to be considered is the market evaluation i.e. what types of vehicles are the customers most inclined to buy and what is the most desirable from CVs. As the project specification includes that the vehicle is to be a family hatchback powered by an electric battery and IC engine, the â€Å"Chevrolet Volt† or the â€Å"Honda Insight† cars were taken as bench marking. The market research results are shown in Table 5. 5.1 Comparison of vehicles using different sources as energy: l. Petrol car: A journey of 68 miles each day consumes 2.5 gallons of fuel and takes 2 hours. Amount of energy in fuel = 5.14 x 108 joules Thermal power = 71.3 kW Mechanical power = 20 kW average Efficiency = 28% 2. Battery electric car as secondary transport. Power station efficiency 40% Electric car efficiency 80% OVERALL 32% CONCLUSION: Pollution is moved from car to power station. There is only an environmental return if the cars performance is sacrificed or the power station is non-thermal and range/performance is limited. 3. Fuel-cell electric car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to hydrogen conversion 75% Fuel-cell hydrogen to electricity 58% Electricity to mechanical power 87% OVERALL 38% (potential for 41% in 10 years) CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 88%; fuel consumption is 60% of petrol vehicle and Performance /range are as petrol vehicle. 4. Hybrid car as primary transport. Hydrocarbon to electricity Via lean burn petrol engine 45% Electricity to mechanical power 90% OVERALL 40.5% CONCLUSION: Pollution reduced by 70% and fuel consumption is 70% of petrol vehicle with performance/range as the petrol vehicle. So from the above comparison Hybrid car is the best transport CV which reduces the pollution and fuel consumption with good performance. 6. Technical Research: The next step is the technical research. It includes researching the technologies currently available in the market for the major components of the CHV. The major components of the CHV were divided into several components as below Batteries. Motors and Controllers. Aerodynamic. Regenerative braking. IC Engine. Transmission and Safety and homologation. 6.1 BATTERIES: The battery package is an essential element of an electric vehicle. Its electrical properties determines the vehicle driving range, while its physical properties must be consider during suspension design, vehicle architecture, etc. According to Larminie and Lowry (2003), batteries are the component with highest cost, weight and volume. Generally, a battery consists of two or more electric cells, which are joined together and generate DC electricity. There are several parameters describing the properties of a battery such as internal resistance, charge capacity, energy stored [Wh] or specific energy [Wh.kg-1]. Service temperature is a very important factor influencing the battery performance. Several different types of batteries were identified during research (Larminie and Lowry 2003): Lead-acid batteries: This is widely used with main constituents lead, sulphuric acid, plastic container which are available at low cost. However, lead acid batteries have a very low specific energy. Therefore, a battery with sufficient capacity using this technology would be very heavy. As a result, lead acid batteries are used in low-cost and low-range electric vehicles. Nickel-cadmium batteries: These batteries have a specific energy nearly twice that of lead-acid batteries. They possess a low self-discharge capability and are able to work in wide range of temperature (-40 °C to 80 °C). The presence cadmium is considered as a major drawback. Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries were used in electric cars. Nickel-metal hydride batteries: As of the abbreviation NiMH, these are used in hybrid vehicles. The main principle is as like that of nickel-cadmium batteries, but the negative electrode uses hydrogen absorbed in metal hydride instead of cadmium. In addition NiMH batteries have higher specific energy. But, their self-discharge rate is relatively high which is ten times to that of NiCd. Since the reaction running in the battery is exothermic, a NiMH battery package must be cooled. Sodium-based batteries: In spite of high specific energy, sodium-based batteries have serious disadvantages that exclude it from commercial use of hybrid vehicle. Its operating temperature lies in the range of 300-350 °C. Once the battery is cooled down, it must be slowly reheated before operation and this process can take up to 24 hours. Besides, keeping the battery at its required temperature requires approximately 100 W of power. Lithium batteries: Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the latest stage in battery development providing the best performance for electric vehicles. They have a high specific energy and consequently a very low overall weight. This type of battery is used by the most recent electric vehicle available in the market (e.g. Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Tesla Roadster). The crucial disadvantage of Li-ion batteries is their high cost. Table 6: Battery comparison table Assumed input data ICE vehicle consumption: 4 l/100 km of diesel fuel (Volkswagen 2010) Diesel fuel specific energy: 40 kWh/kg Diesel fuel density: 0.832 kg/l ICE vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 10% EV vehicle fuel → wheels efficiency: 70% According to the input data, the required capacity of the battery pack is from 46 kWh to 61 kWh. According to specific energy of individual battery type the battery weight can be estimated (Table 7). For the desired range, lead acid batteries are far too heavy to be applied in a family hatchback. However, they can be considered as a cheap alternative for a low-range electric vehicle. Table 7:Battery Comparison according to range According to the table above, lithium-ion batteries are the most suitable option. If the latest technology is used (Nissan Leafs laminated Li-Ion batteries), specific energy can reach 140 kW/h (Weissler 2010), and thus the battery weight can be further reduced. In addition to this, the latest development shows a good potential in increasing Li-ion battery performance by means of nanotechnology. Furthermore, according to various prediction e.g. by The Boston Consulting Group (2010), the battery cost are about to decrease with the increase of production volume and it can be more than 50 % in the year 2020. 6.2 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERS: Motors is considered to be one of the main part of the electric vehicle .In a pure electric vehicle the motor provides the required torque directly to the wheels. However, the motor rotates at constant speed, so to vary the speed of the vehicle a potentiometer needs to be attached. The speed control of the vehicle is made possible by DC or AC (inverters) controllers. The accelerator pedal is attached to a potentiometer (variable resistor) which is further attached to the DC or AC controllers. The force on the accelerator pedal is directly proportional to the current delivered to the controller. Depending on the current supplied, the controller delivers power to the motor. The working of DC controller varies with an AC controller. For selecting a motor the main features that are important for an electric vehicle are good efficiency, high torque, low maintenance, moderate cost and easy to control. Figure 4 shows the basic layout of the motor and controller in an electric vehicle. The three motors considered for the concept were:- AC Synchronous Motor. DC Brushless Motor AC Induction Motor AC 3 synchronous motor is the latest type of motor used in electric vehicle. The main characteristic of AC 3 synchronous motor is that the motor runs at synchronous speed i.e. the field winding locks with the rotating magnetic fields and rotates along with it. The AC 3 synchronous motors has many advantages .Usually the AC induction motor works at lagging power factor but the AC 3 synchronous motor works at leading power factor which means improved efficiency and reduction in voltage drop .Accurate speed control is possible which makes synchronous motors an ideal choice .Synchronous motors have speed/torque characteristics which are ideally suited for direct drive of loads. A smooth the torque curve results in better performance of the vehicle. It has good heat dissipation and overloading capacity .The absence of magnets also reduce the cost of maintenance. Regeneration of energy is easily possible in an AC 3 synchronous motor by reversing the current. AC 3 synchronous motors has cer tain disadvantages such as it is not a self starting motor i.e. a separate motor (pony motor) is required to drive it till it reaches synchronization. Since it is relatively a new technology the price of the motor is comparatively higher. DC Brushless Motor or BLDC is the most common motor used in hybrid vehicles. A BLDC motor is similar to AC 3 synchronous motor. It has got good torque characteristics and also absence of slip. The heat dissipation and overloading characteristics is commendable for a BLDC motor. But BLDC motor is considered to be less efficient than the other three motors because of many factors. It has m

Rivalry In A Separate Peace :: essays research papers

Every person feels rivalry or competition towards others at some point in their lives. This rivalry greatly affects our ability to understand others, and this eventually results in paranoia and hostility. It is a part of human nature, that people coldly drive ahead for their gain alone. Man's inhumanity towards man is a way for people to protect themselves from having pain inflicted on them by others, and achieving their goals and desires without the interference of others. This concept of man's inhumanity to man is developed in A Separate Peace as the primary conflict in the novel centres on the main character, Gene, and his inner-battles with feelings of jealousy, paranoia, and inability to understand his relationship with his best friend Phineas. Competition is further demonstrated by the occurrence of World War II. It is shown that, "There were few relationships among us (the students) at Devon not based on rivalry." (p. 37) It is this rivalry and competition between t he boys at Devon that ripped their friendships apart. In the early pages of the novel, Finny confesses that Gene is his best friend. This is considered a courageous act as the students at Devon rarely show any emotion. And rather than coming back with similar affection, Gene holds back and says nothing. Gene simply cannot handle the fact that Finny is so compassionate, so athletic, so ingenuitive, so perfect. As he put it, "Phineas could get away with anything." (p. 18) In order to protect himself from accepting Finny's compassion and risking emotional suffering, Gene creates a silent rivalry with Finny, and convinced himself that Finny is deliberately attempting to ruin his schoolwork. Gene decides he and Finny are jealous of each other, and reduces their friendship to cold trickery and hostility. Gene becomes disgusted with himself after weeks of the silent rivalry. He finally discovers the truth, that Finny only wants the best for Gene, and had no hidden evil intentions. This creates a conflict for Gene as he is not able to deal with Finny's purity and his own dark emotions. On this very day Finny wants to jump off of the tree branch into the Devon river at the same time as Gene, a "double jump" (p. 51), he says, as a way of bonding. It was this decision, caused by Finny's affection for Gene and outgoing ways that resulted in drastic change for the rest of his life.