Sunday, August 23, 2020

Purdue Academic Integrity Seminar Questions Research Paper

Purdue Academic Integrity Seminar Questions - Research Paper Example [d] Some fundamental beliefs are comprehensively shared among individuals in various societies, regardless of whether it is Chinese individuals in third century BC, on the grounds that human connections verged on same linearity, independent of individuals and time. 2. Alan Greenspan is being practical about the chance of business morals, that too in the present business condition, since morals in business can shield the association from outside negative impacts or reactions. On the off chance that an association enjoys exploitative practices in its working, it very well may be picked by outside players like its clients, government offices, guard dogs, media, and so forth., and that can bring about disappointment of its items, disintegration of its image or moral picture, in this manner prompting its possible fall. Greenspan approves this viewpoint by bringing up how financial exchanges of associations are limited by codes and laws, and how all the included gatherings tail it to stay away from risky repercussions. 3. To fortify one’s restraint, people can make number of useful strides. The first is, unmistakably imparting in the individual’s mind, that their brain is absolutely in their â€Å"control†, and no outer individual or angle could truly control it. That is, in accordance with the point of view of Roberto Assagioli, an individual ought to understand that albeit outside people could affect his/her psyche through words and activities, they can't genuinely ‘inject’ their words into the individual’s mind, thus it is in the control of the person to permit just the contemplations that are good for him/her. The subsequent system is, regardless of whether negative and horrible musings enter an individual’s mind, he/she ought to limit the time those contemplations sway in the psyche, and ought to inevitably wipe out. The last system to reinforce discretion is, the individual should proceed onward with their life by concentrating on valuable and p ositive things, rather than permitting those negative angles to

Friday, August 21, 2020

Second-hand Smoke

Recycled Smoke Free Online Research Papers Envision yourself plunking down to supper at an eatery and eating with your mate, companion or noteworthy other, when out of nowhere everything you can smell is smoke. This is called Environmental Tobacco Smoke (EST) otherwise called Secondhand smoke. We are being compelled to take in used smoke regardless and in addition to the fact that you are simply taking in the smoke; it is additionally harming our body simultaneously. Used smoke murders and has been arranged by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known reason for malignancy in human. In this paper you will be educated regarding the destructive impacts of recycled smoke, and why smoking ought to be restricted from every single open spot. At the point when you are a smoker you are settling on the choice to harm your own body, yet much to your dismay you are likewise harming everybody elses body that you smoke around. There is no hazard free measure of smoke one can breathe in. The American Lung Association has said â€Å"secondhand smoke has been ordered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known reason for malignant growth in humans†. Smoking is hazardous and it says on all cigarette packs that smoking slaughters you and damages others around you. Each time you take in a breath of smoke you are harming your or somebody else’s lungs. At the point when you breathe in smoke, you are slaughtering ceaselessly your lungs’ normal barriers. Realities about Secondhand Smoke Used smoke causes very nearly 50,000 passings in grown-up nonsmokers in the United States every year, including roughly 3,400 from lung malignancy and 22,700-69,600 from coronary illness. In the event that you are presented to smoke all the time you can in the long run incapacitate the lungs’ regular purifying procedure which causes your lungs work more earnestly. Agreeing the American Lung Association, youngsters are increasingly presented to recycled smoke then grown-ups. â€Å"In the United States, 21 million, or 35 percent of, kids live in homes where occupants or guests smoke in the home all the time. Used smoke is answerable for somewhere in the range of 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract diseases in newborn children and youngsters under year and a half old enough, coming about in the middle of 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations every year, and causes 430 Abrupt Infant Death Syndrome Tobacco smoke contains more than 4,800 synthetic compounds, 69 of which are known to cause malignant growth. Quite possibly an individual who has never smoked a cigarette in their life could create lung malignant growth. Counting constant obstructive aspiratory sickness (COPD), incessant bronchitis, emphysema, coronary illness, stroke, stomach aortic aneurysm, intense myeloid leukemia, waterfall, pneumonia, periodontitis, and bladder, esophageal, laryngeal, lung, oral, throat, cervical, kidney, stomach, and pancreatic malignant growths. Smoking is additionally a central point in an assortment of different conditions and disarranges, including eased back recuperating of wounds, barrenness, and peptic ulcer. Particular vested parties/Political Action Committee (PAC) Particular vested parties (SIGs) is a gathering of people attracted together by a typical intrigue a field of study, educating, or look into when the current divisional structure may not straightforwardly encourage such action. There are numerous specific vested parties today who has revitalized together to focus on this quiet executioner. For instance, The Non-Smokers’ Rights Association (NSRA) is a deliberate non-benefit wellbeing association that has worked only in the field of tobacco control for more than 30 years. Its crucial to advance general wellbeing by dispensing with ailment and passing brought about by tobacco, including recycled smoke. Political Action Committee is the name regularly given to a private gathering, paying little heed to measure, sorted out to choose political applicants. Legitimately, what comprises a PAC for reasons for guideline involves state and government law. The American Lung Association is viewed as a PAC by accepting commitments or making uses in abundance of $1,000 to impact a government political decision through advancing human services. The American Lung Association offers an assortment of smoking control and counteraction programs focused to explicit gatherings some focused on grown-ups, others proposed for school use, and still others intended to assemble connects between the home and school and include network pioneers alongside guardians and teachers. The crucial the American Lung Association is to spare lives by improving lung wellbeing and forestalling lung illness. End The greater part of us spend the significant segment within recent memory inside, where used is delivered and re-flowed. This is the reason it might be the most genuine wellspring of indoor air pollution looked by the normal non-smoker. Breathing in used smoke isn't something to simply disregard as it is a genuine issue and the way that an ever increasing number of open spots are authorizing smoke free condition is an immense advance and has brought issues to light to the earnestness of this issue. Research Papers on Second-hand SmokeThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL examination of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital Punishment

Monday, July 6, 2020

How the Boston Bombing Affected the Economy - 1925 Words

How the Boston Bombing Affected the Economy (Essay Sample) Content: How the Boston bombing affected the EconomyName:Institution Affiliate:Date:How the Boston bombing affected the EconomyA bombing, considered as a terrorist attack, leads to the taking of precautions by the United States cities, which assist in the capturing of those suspected of the attack, and also the protection of the citizens. There tends to be a mass mobilization of many resources that lead to a grand economic cost, and thus attention tends to be veered towards security. This calls for a shutdown of businesses, and as we all know businesses tend to be the root of economic activities. These activities are brought to a standstill. They include such activities as tourism, transportation, trade and even the energy sector.After the Boston bombing, there was a vast economic impact felt as most of its Metropolitan area tended to be shut down so that the Tsarnaev brothers would be captured. It is evident that this area tends to be the ninth largest area in the nation, and it tends to boast a larger economy as compared to other European countries like Portugal, Ireland and Greece. It is clear that to shut down this area with the much economic magnitude will come at one high economic cost. According to HIS Global Insight, Jim Diffley states that the measure price per day tends to amount to three hundred and thirty three million dollars. The estimate tends to be considered to be arrived at after the deduction from Bostons economic normal production that tends to amount to about one billion dollars per day. Pressure tends to be, therefore, subjected to the authorities to capture the suspected felons so that the economic activities in the city continue. It is normally difficult to view economic concerns during a time of extreme sadness and grief, but it is of excellent significance to anticipate recovery (Moshehai, 2013).An example of economic turmoil is the La Voile restaurant located on Newbury Street Bostons upscale. The fillet de boeuf in this restau rant tends to go for forty seven dollars. Dinner traffic has been seen to fall off sharply as the bombs tended to leave the city so shaken. The individuals no longer dine out in the night nor celebrate. They tend to prefer to stay at home during the hard time. The terror attack on Boston tended to leave many questions as compared to answers, and police officers tended to isolate a twelve block area, which was located in the citys heart of hotel and retail district. The bomb attack created a measurable impact on the United States economy after the business and consumer confidence was severely traumatized. The long term impact of the economy and business proves difficult to assess. Due to the attack the individuals of Boston and more than twenty eight million international and domestic tourists who tend to visit the historic hub in New England every year tend to think twice on showing up or attending the large public gatherings (Schoen, 2013). One of these gatherings includes the one hundred and seventeenth running marathon that tended to be the target in the terror attack.It is evident that the local businesses in surrounding towns and the city itself tend to come to a halt as the suspects are being chased down. The network tended to report a miniature of effects on normal commerce of terrorist attacks. It has affected tourism in many countries as has been prominent. According to Harper, the insurance coverage has tended to become complicated for these terrorist attacks. Through a study, these attacks were seen to cost the United States more than three billion dollars. It only cost Al-Qaeda a mere five hundred thousand dollars to abolish the World Trade Centre and weaken the Pentagon. The New York Times newspaper answers the question on what the U.S has been cost, by stating that, it has spent about seven million dollars for every dollar that the Al- Qaeda has spent in its plans and implementation of the attacks. The factors include homeland security, physical damage, reduced travel, business interruptions and overseas war funding among others. These sums up to a fifth of the existing national debt and not all the cost is incurred by the government (Harper, 2013).The marathon itself tended to generate on its own about one hundred and forty million dollars in revenues for shops, local hotels, restaurants and even other businesses. The marathon alone will not be affected rather other events that tend to take place in the summer. Individuals will tend to remember the vivid picture of a bomb exploding at the sidewalk, and they from that moment on be acutely cautious of crowds and avoid movement where possible. It is evident that if the security concerns tend to give pause to external convention planners, the larger metro areas three hundred and twenty five billion dollar economy would tend to suffer. This delay in the recovery of Bostons economy depended on the capture of the terrorists (Sivy, 2013).The Dow tended to drop following the trage dy by one thousand four hundred points. It required more than two months for the Dow to even. The Dow tended to be one thousand five hundred points down during the time of the attack from the years high. There was found to be other factors that favored the stock prices as the market made up its losses and tended to gain an extra one thousand. The bombing also affects the energy sector and an industry that tends to be very vulnerable to terrorists is gas and oil. Demand and supply tend to be closely related in that there is truly little flexibility in both. If there should be impairment in any part of the supply of the oil, the inelastic market tends to suffer substantial price swings. It is found that a terror premium as it is called is added to the cost of oil in the case of a terrorism threat. A study performed by experts concluded that the premium can run from two dollars to ten dollars a barrel. When inculcated to the size of the market, it tends to read as from between sixty bi llion dollars and three hundred billion dollars (Harper, 2013). Terrorist activity that tends to threaten the development of the worlds supply of oil tends to be considered tremendously grave and may lead to military response that would then be massively expensive.The bombing also disrupted the financial system in that New York Citys financial activity was upset, that included the stock market. The longest market shut down since the year 1933 was experienced that lasted a whole four days (Schoen, 2013). To magnify the effects more, a number of brokerages and banks were also brought to a standstill. If repeated multiple times or on a large scale, any form of a terrorist attack tends to have long term economic effects. An example of multiple bombings at a couple of train stations tend to upset rail user travel all over the country. A string of attacks in shopping malls on the other hand, has a grand impact on the retail sales. Creation of uncertainty enhances the economic effects prol onged even way after the attacks have subsided.Most of the incidents tend not to rise to levels of causing long term economic turmoil that is taking into account the hope that the bombing in Bostons Marathon is not followed by various multiple similar attacks. The blast in London where the terrorists targeted a bus and three trains preceded and seven hundred individuals were injured and fifty two killed. In Germany, France and U.K. share prices tended to fall rapidly by three to four percent, but the stocks tended to recover before the daily trading came to a halt. In the United States, the stock market really closed higher. Certainly, those attacks that tend not to be fixated on certain vulnerable targets like the financial system or supply of oil tend to dispel equally fast. Half of these attacks were found to have a meaningful impact on the stock market after a study of the al-Qaeda terrorist attacks, and their effects tended to be felt fully within about an hour (Moshehai, 2013) . The Boston Marathon bombings impact on the economy and markets was not viewed as a long lastin...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Ethics in accounting the consequences of the enron scandal Free Essay Example, 3750 words

Although industry analysts and some of the Enron employees raised some doubts about the suspicious accounting practices of the corporation, Skilling and his colleagues verbally attacked those persons to defend the allegations. The company could continue to attract new investors until its share prices plummeted from $US90 per share in mid-2000 to less than $1 by the end of the 2001. This drastic drop in stock prices caused investors losing an amount worth $11 billion. Although Enron’s competitor Dynegy proposed a deal to take over the organization, it did not succeed, and therefore Enron Corporation filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. The United States Federal government passed a number of laws such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act after the Enron scandal with intent to improve corporate governance policies and to prevent such huge corporate failures in future. Today US companies pay specific attention to corporate governance laws and implement improved internal check system s to detect accounting irregularities and other illegal/unethical business practices. Problem Statement Unscrupulous accounting practices by Enron CEO Jaffrey Skilling and other top managerial person including CFO Andrew Fastow to inflate the profits of the organization resulted in Enron scandal, which was identified as the biggest corporate failures at that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics in accounting the consequences of the enron scandal or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Although Enron collapse was the biggest in the history and had far reaching dreadful effects, modern organizations have a range of lessons to learn from this corporate failure. This paper will analyze the history of the Enron scandal and the role unethical accounting practices played in this collapse. The paper will also put forward some valuable recommendations for modern organizations in the light of Enron scandal. History of the Issues The merger between Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based InterNorth led to the formation Enron in 1985 and it began operations as an interstate pipeline company. Kenneth Lay, the former CEO of the Houston Natural Gas, was appointed as the CEO of Enron and he subsequently won the post of chairman in the next year. Over the next years, the company achieved terrific growth in its sales and spread its business beyond the pipeline sector. Industry analysts praised this unbelievable growth of Enron because many contemporary organizations were struggling to survive during that period and such positive expert reviews greatly assisted the company to attract more potential investments. Jeffrey Skilling, a previous consultant for Enron, impressed the company’s former CEO Lay in his capacity as an industry analyst, and consequently Skilling was hired by Lay as chairman and CEO of Enron Finance Corp.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Todays Social And Economic Inequality Is A Matter People

Todays social and economic inequality is a matter people are faced with in their daily lives. Many Americans are currently unable to reach their full potential due to the lack of financial stability in the work force, and are incapable of providing stable income for their dependents. Krugman, like many Americans, believes that change is the only way to help close the ever-growing gap between upper class Americans and those who are middle class or below poverty level. In Krugman’s essay â€Å"Confronting Inequality† he addresses the need for change, and has several concepts for how to bring about equality. I agree with several of Krugman’s key ideas in his essay such as; higher taxes on the rich, raising the minimum wage, and unions.†¦show more content†¦On the contrary, most now wealthy Americans are living off of money that was given to them from their parents and grandparents. The argument that the upper class citizens are not paying enough in taxes , although a matter of opinion, should be reconsidered when looking at how much the rich avoid paying in taxes when using loopholes. Although it may seem as if they pay a lot in taxes, they are avoiding a large portion of what they would have to pay normally with the use of the loopholes. Another key idea of Krugman’s to solving inequality is to raise the minimum wage. I agree with Krugman that the minimum wage should be increased, but it should not go up to the extent that it would cause extreme job losses. If the minimum wage was raised two or three dollars without the loss of jobs, many middle class Americans could possibly live a more comfortable lifestyle. The minimum wage should be the minimum amount of money needed to live off of. So many middle class Americans, and Americans below poverty level struggle to live off of a minimum wage salary now. Krugman mentions in his essay,† the minimum wage, however, matters mainly to low-paid workers† (575). Raising min imum wage even a little would aid some people in paying for their necessities. Some people are forced to stay in minimum wage jobs for either their entire lives or the majority of their lives because they cannot move up in that field or do not have a degree. A large number of Americans workingShow MoreRelatedPoverty And The American Dream933 Words   |  4 Pageskids born in poverty will not get out. Today, more Americans are falling below the poverty line and are struggling trying to find a way to get out. The Inequality gap in America has increased for the past few decades. Resulting from Economic Inequality in America, 400 Americans share more than 50% of America’s total wealth. These 400 Americans are the Top 1%. While the Top 1% are living luxurious lives, the Bottom 99% is struggling to make ends meet. 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Training and Development Assessment Plan

Question: Discuss about the Training and Development Assessment Plan. Answer: Introduction The present work environment is quickly becoming dynamic and embracing change every time. Therefore, it calls for employees to be skilled and always embrace the latest trends in the market to attain a sustainable business strategy. Training is an important aspect in increasing employees performance and for a business to remain competitive in the market. Resources can be adequate in a business environment but fail to match the required skills of employees in a firm. In this respect, the need for training arises forcing the management to embrace the option for change. The paper examines the need for training and carries out an assessment towards improving work performance. Reason for Training Need Assessment A need assessment helps in aligning and achievement of goals in organizations. In so doing, it reduces the existing gap between the skills required and the competency demonstrated in performance. A training need assessment is essential towards identifying the present level of competence concerning skills and knowledge in one area compared to another in a separate institution (Tracey, Hinkin, Tran, Emigh, Kingra, Taylor Thorek, 2015). In this respect, the concept aims at driving a competitive nature between individuals in the same industry. The difference between the present and the required competency develops the training needs which if addressed lead to business success (Anitha, 2014). Training need assessment is important towards establishing who in the organization needs training and development and for a specified reason towards business performance. Assessment of the needs can be done at any given time either during actual work performance or at the point after selection of employees to drive a particular skill in them. At the same time, training assessment can be done during performance review period where there is an indication for improvement or succession planning in the organization. The performance measurement can be done periodically to promote and monitor the level of business success achieved. Step 1: Identification of the Business Needs Performance Analysis The training need assessment in the organization focuses on the performance analysis which indicates a performance gap between the required stature and the performance presently being demonstrated (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The organization has sufficient numbers of machines suitable for producing several amounts of goods but fails to perform optimally due to the reduced knowledge among the operators related to technology. The firm upgraded its technology and introduced faster machines supposed to deliver beyond the past technology in the organization. However, there is no significant increase in performance measured by the results displayed in the outputs. In this case, a training and development assessment has to be done to determine and increase the productivity rate of individuals given the new technology. According to Bell, Tannenbaum, Ford, Noe Kraiger, 2017), the present workplace environment requires individuals to become independent thinkers able to make conscious thoughts that steer business growth. In this respect, training is essential to impact the necessary skills to employees displaying inferior skills at their workplace. There are several competencies that shall be assessed and used in the determination of the training needs which range from decision making, communication, technology use, business knowledge, innovation, planning to teamwork in driving change to the organization. Performance Gap Analysis Assessment Techniques Observation The evaluation team used direct observation in examining the pace at which individual worker carries out their tasks. The speed and level of technology use displayed determined the competency level in information technology towards production. At the same time, observation on the coordination and team work spirit ascertained the level at which employees correlated with each other to solve existing issues (Certo, 2015). At the workplace, there are individuals who are conversant with the technology and do their best towards achieving their targets. However, there is another set of employees who were performing optimum in the previous technology who have failed to demonstrate the same in the present one. In this case, observation shall be used to identify such cases for training needs. Interview Inquiry into the knowledge and challenges experienced in the process of business performance is a perfect way of communicating the needs for training towards competency. The assessment carried out a one-on-one session with the employees in the production department to verify their levels of competency and ascertain the extents to which the new technology boosted production (Reason, 2016). Employees were guaranteed the freedom from victimization and made to understand the need for the interview to communicate all the issues affecting their production. In this way, the assessment team was able to understand the competency levels and the challenges faced by the individuals in the processing plant related to the new use of technology. Questionnaires Assessments utilize questionnaires where every aspect of inquiry is offered for the respondents to communicate the different needs of their business. The questionnaires had no names to enable the workers to divulge as much information as possible. At the same time, the questions targeted the specific hindrances to production to understand the reason behind the performance gap experienced in the firm. As a result, the assessment team understood the challenges and developed a training program to enable individuals to achieve expected success. Focused Group Discussion The assessment team used the group discussions where members of the concerned department meet to air out issues dealing with productions. The evaluation team was able to understand the hindrances in place and had the employees in the discussion suggest the best measures that can boost their production (Law, Hills Hau, 2017). The discussion further opened the managements mind to the needs of the employees thereby assisting in the development of training plans and other motivational factors to increased production. Assessment Focus Points The analysis focused on the key performance issues in outlining the training needs of the production department. First, an analysis was done on the tasks performed by each to understand the skills applied and provide knowledge on whether they match with the resources in place. Secondly, the analysis examined the frequency of the work performance to understand the extent to which experience could drive change in the business as employees are expected to change and adapt over time whenever carrying out a similar task (Reason, 2016). Thirdly, the analysis sought to understand the importance of every step in the task performance and relate it to the special attention given to each segment. The fourth assessment focused on the knowledge needed in performing the task as the information was used in comparison to the existing skills demonstrated by the employees. After identifying the necessary skills, the assessment moved to the category of determining the level of difficulty involved in carrying out a certain part of the task assigned. In the end, the study focused on the proposal by the individuals to determine the necessary training available to boost production at workplaces. Evaluation of the Assessment Process The evaluation process was instrumental towards understanding the need for training in the production department after the introduction of technology in the processing unit. The assessment sought to learn on the difficulties to production by airing out the challenges faced leading to the unexpected production rates compared to the previous case where the use of technology was absent (Noe, 2002). All the six steps used produced necessary information essential for arriving at the training solution to the production issue. The assessment of the tasks performed enabled the team in understanding the kind of work done and recommending the type of skills that can be used in completing the said tasks. Reporting on the tasks done indicated the difference in the previous circumstance compared to the present case. As a result, it indicated the shift in work patterns thus allowed understanding on the challenges that might be experienced given the fact that technology was introduced (Reason, 2016). On the other hand, the frequency of the task performance enabled the assessment in understanding the rate at which a given task is repeated. In this case, the difficulty experienced could be understood given the fact that a repeated action on a similar concept leads to experience which culminates to proper performance and mastery (Miller, 2016). The lack of improvement on the task indicated the assumption that some of the processes were being done in the wrong manner repeatedly. As a result, it formed a background to the fact that there was no sufficient training and knowledge on the use of the machines. The importance of each task enabled the assessment to understand how and why some tasks were performed perfectly with others performed dismally. The category allows for the determination of the processes that required deep training to understand the aspects involved in making them match their importance to the finished products. Consequently, the facts were recorded and used for evaluation to determine the training needs that would make all the processes important towards production (Noe, 2002). Every step in processing is important to the overall product formulation and hence has to be done perfectly according to plan. The category of the knowledge needed for certain tasks was essential in understanding the knowledge present and that absent about the results observed in overall production. In this case, the assessment realized the gaps in training which denied the workers the power to deliver at optimum levels. Besides, the difficulty of each task was critical in understanding the challenges experienced and outlining measures to ease the difficulty and lead to prosperity according to business goals (O'Neill, Albin, Horner, Storey Sprague, 2014). Lastly, the types of training available were important in understanding whether the training was effective and implementing more training to curb the underperformance experienced. Therefore, the two aspects were critical in developing a training plan that would yield benefits for the organization. Recommendation on Training The recommendation tends to answer the question to the training needs needed, where it is needed, who needs it, how it will be done, the cost of training, and the impact on the business. The firm has the required number of employees who were previously performing better compared to the records shown after the introduction of the technology. The fact points towards the lack of knowledge on the current technology use and thus points to the need for in-service training and staff development. Since the existing training failed, there is a need for the organization to carry out a fresh plan that is all-inclusive (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart Wright, 2006). First, there is a need for induction to freshly introduce the employees to the technology by briefing them on their importance and basic use. Afterward, there is need to conduct workshops and short-term courses on the theoretical and practical approaches when dealing with the technology (Noe, Wilk, Mullen Wanek, 2014). The training would assist in the first stage of performance which can be done for two weeks. Afterward, maintenance or refresher training becomes essential in updating the assessment team on the mastery and enabling individuals further understanding issues disturbing them at the moment. Consequently, on job training would be essential here where a team of experts would give hands-on practice to the employees to instill mastery in the operations (Phillips Phillips, 2016). Afterward, the firm should give the employees room for career development by allowing them to conduct part-time studies on the technology to improve the task and their experience. Besides, the management can develop simple ways of approaching the technology to ease the burden of work using the technology. The implementation team should carry monitoring and evaluation plans at every stage of training to gauge the extents to which the change impact on production (Seidle, Fernandez Perry, 2016). On the other hand, the firm needs to motivate the employees once the improved performance is registered by increasing their remuneration and appreciations in the process of meeting targets. Besides, in-house recruitment should be done in the department to ensure employees embrace career development thus promoting performance (Serkan Emir, 2014). At this stage, maximum adoption is expected as every employee has been subjected to training and development as well as proper remuneration. At this stage, it is necessary for the management to transfer non-performing workers to lesser need departments and monitor and evaluate their performance (Vickerstaff, Phillipson Loretto, 2015). On the other hand, employees who fail to meet the target of the organization ought to have their services terminated since they become a burden to the production if maintained. The need assessment process is essential towards performance. It identifies the problems existing in a business and addresses the concerns through training and other motivation measures in production. The assessment provides the steps to follow and the considerations to make in the process of driving change. In the end, the recommendations given would result in positive performance given the satisfaction of the needs that employees required for performing at optimum level. Performance in organizations must be monitored and evaluated to maintain the competitive strategies towards change. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Ford, J. K., Noe, R. A., Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development research: What we know and where we should go. Certo, S. (2015).Supervision: Concepts and skill-building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Law, M. S., Hills, P., Hau, B. H. (2017). Engaging Employees in Sustainable Development - a Case Study of Environmental Education and Awareness Training in Hong Kong.Business Strategy The Environment (John Wiley Sons, Inc),26(1), 84-97. Miller, B. A. (2016).Assessing organizational performance in higher education. John Wiley Sons. Noe, R. A. (2002). Employee training and development. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation ofAntecedents.Improving Training Effectiveness in WorkOrganizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. O'Neill, R. E., Albin, R. W., Horner, R. H., Storey, K., Sprague, J. R. (2014).Functional assessment and program development. Nelson Education. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Reason, J. (2016).Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Routledge. Seidle, B., Fernandez, S., Perry, J. L. (2016). Do leadership training and development make a difference in the public sector? A panel study.Public Administration Review. Serkan, B., Emir, C. (2014). Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance in Bosnia And Herzegovina.Evropejskij Issledovatel?, Vol 89, Iss 12-2, Pp 2125-2132 (2014), (12-2), 2125. Tracey, J. B., Hinkin, T. R., Tran, T. L. B., Emigh, T., Kingra, M., Taylor, J., Thorek, D. (2015). A Field Study of New Employee Training Programs Industry Practices and Strategic Insights.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly,56(4), 345-354. Vickerstaff, S., Phillipson, C., Loretto, W. (2015). Training and development: the missing part of the extending working life agenda?.Public Policy Aging Report,25(4), 139-142.

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Pepsi Co Essay Example

Pepsi Co Essay Founded in 1893, Pepsi is a carbonated soft drink that is a product of the firm â€Å"PepsiCo. † It the 1920s and 1930s it was the leading soft drink company in the market. From then to now a lot has changed in terms of market scenario as well as product development. The current market scenario comprises of two main market leaders in the soft drink industry, namely, Pepsi and Coca-Cola (Coke). In addition to these other competitors include Thumbs up, Limca, etc. Pepsi faces heavy competition in the Indian market that is so diverse in terms of cultures, traditions, tastes and preferences. Narrowing the research to the city of Pune specifically, within India, it can be noticed that the consumer preference is more for Pepsi or Coke over the others. Since Pune is largely a student hub, it contains a lot of the younger generation population. Thus with the research conducted through this study, Pepsi will be able to study how it could get an upper hand over its competitors in the potential and booming market of Pune in terms of brand awareness and consumer preference. Need of the Study The need of the study conducted is highlighted below †¢Will help with competitor analysis. Will help the company to get an idea about consumer tastes and preference. †¢Will help the company get an upper hand over its competitors. †¢Will help the company to gain market dominance. †¢Will ensure brand loyalty. As it can be studied from the above graph which is based on the responses received from the target market of this study, Coke and Pepsi have a neck to neck competition with Coke leading as compared to the other companies including Pepsi. Thus the main need of this study is for Pepsi to analyze ways in which it could replace Coke to be the market dominator in Pune. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Co specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It must focus on the branding, pricing and packaging parameters mainly in order to improve or introduce newer products into the market and that is exactly the kind of information this study would provide the firm with. Scope of the Study Scope of the study includes- †¢Parameters such as competitor analysis, branding and packaging analysis. †¢It focuses on carbonated soft drinks. †¢Does not include water and alcoholic beverages. †¢Limited to the city of Pune. †¢Research conducted of behalf of Pepsi. †¢Includes bottled as well as can soft drinks. †¢Limited to age group of about fifteen to forty five years. Both males and females included. Methods of Data Collection There are two methods of data collection- 1. Primary 2. Secondary Primary Data was collected through the use of questionnaire. First hand information was made available by distributing questionnaires to 50 people in the target market. Secondary It refers to collection of data that already e xists and is within reach of everyone else as well. For the purpose of this study secondary data methods such as the internet and various articles were used. Statistical Tools Used †¢Bar Graph †¢Pie Charts †¢Questionnaire Company Profile Pepsi is a product of the company PepsiCo that is an American multinational company that has its base in New York. It was founded in 1965, after the merger of Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito Lay. The CEO of the firm is a dynamic Indian lady named Indra Krishnamurthy Nooyi, who has held her position since 2006. PepsiCo owns various firms, namely- ?Frito Lay ?Tropicana ?Quaker Oats ?Gatorade Various products introduced include ?Diet Pepsi ?Lipton Ice Tea ?7 Up ?Mountain Dew ?Miranda ?Lays ?Doritos These are a few products amongst many others. Few of PepsiCo’s rival firms include- Coca-Cola ?Kraft ?Red Bull ?Nestle ?Snapple Thus to summarize the above data, since 1965, the year PepsiCo was founded, it has extended its product line not only in the beverage market but also in the food market. Its product lines include Pepsi, Lays, Doritos, 7 Up, Gatorade, etc. Its ever-expanding innovation in terms of products is the number one unique selling point. PepsiCo focuses on carbonated drink s such as 7 Up, Pepsi, Diet Pepsi. It has non-carbonated drinks like Lipton Ice Tea and Aquafina. Its products in the snack market include Doritos, Lays (Magic Masala, Salted, Caribbean, etc). Thus PepsiCo has a strong market hold in terms of its product line and diversification making it one of the leading beverage companies globally. SWOT Analysis Below is the SWOT analysis for PepsiCo StrengthWeakness †¢Brand Name †¢Vast product line †¢Competent CEO†¢Unhealthy products †¢Less focus on main product due to vast product line. OpportunityThreats †¢Innovative products for future †¢More successful mergers/acquisitions †¢Positive market potential. †¢Change in consumer preference and tastes †¢Increasing competiton

Monday, March 16, 2020

Should America Police the Worl essays

Should America Police the Worl essays There are two clearly defined sides to this question. One side would like to see America take a state of neutrality when it comes to overseas intervention. This side includes the anti-war protestors and critics questioning the recent war on Iraq. They say that America should let other countries worry about their own problems, because Americans already have enough problems to agonize over. Since America is the only superpower left in the world they have a responsibility to keep the peace, which calls for them to play the role of the worlds police force. This leads to the other side of the question, where war-supporters argue that if America doesnt step up to the plate to control evil tyrants, then who will? In the past, there have been international organizations that have tried to promote world peace and patrol the world. For example, the League of Nations was a dismal failure and currently the United Nations is not much better. Its hard to take seriously a federation of countries whose human rights commission is chaired by Libya and whose disarmament commission will soon be chaired by Iraq. So who does that leave to be the worlds police force? Argentina? Bolivia? Cameroon? The answer is pretty obvious. It is the country with the most vibrant economy, the most passionate devotion to liberty, and the most powerful military. The only nation capable of incorporating all of the above requirements is the United States of America. The United States is the only power that can handle a showdown in the Persian Gulf, mount the kind of force that is needed to protect Saudi Arabia, and deter a crisis in the Taiwan Strait. Do we really want that job? For the past fifty years, Americans were told that policing the world was a strategic and moral obligation. They were told that they were saving the world from communism and defending their own national security. Now with the defeat of communism, with the exception of ...

Saturday, February 29, 2020

Arizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona Essay

Arizona State Museum building located in the University of Arizona - Essay Example This will take into consideration of the context, audience and the visual impact. I hope to comprehend and convey to the reader how this type of building is designed and the type of collections of the building employ the use ethos, pathos, and ethos. Audience : My audience will be the teacher of my English class. He has in depth comprehension of rhetorical appeals, in this regard I must present my argument using the accurate knowledge of rhetoric. I am obliged to avoid advocating and generalizing. Context: My paper will be one of the papers that my teacher will read this assignment, so I have to be insightful and creative in my analysis. I have to make arguments in order to grab his attention. Outline Introduction: I plan on using my introduction to establish my own ethos as well as describe the the structure and design of the building that is being analyzed. I will describe my experience in and outside of the Arizona State Museum building which will help the reader to understand tha t I had the opportunity to analyze the building at is significance in the University of Arizona. ... Introduction When we think about teaching rhetoric and critiquing rhetorical acts, we base out thoughts on text and artifacts that are primarily oral or written. Nonetheless, our day to day experiences are saturated with the rhetorical invocation that move beyond the written word to visual. The objective of this essay is to explore the multi – modality of the rhetoric and illustrates how we think about the rhetoric on a wider perspective. The arguments regarding architecture particularly invoke this focus that deals with the nature objects, spaces and artifacts (Rosteck 45). This case study looks at one specific building known as Arizona State Museum building in order to show how this type of rhetoric takes place. Despite the distinct content of the building, the visual, textual and experimental are all used mimetically. This means that multi- model rhetoric on this site imitates the form a function of a natural history museum in order to persuade its visitors of its legitimac y. The Arizona State Museum building is the oldest and the largest anthropology museum located in the southwest region of the campus was established in 1893 by the Arizona Territorial Legislature. This building is the state’s official permitting agency for archeology and paleontologist projects. This is one of the oldest research units at the University of Arizona. It is known for hosting numerous researchers around the world and allow them to use the collection to expand their frontier of their knowledge in enthology, ethnohistory and archeology. The museum resides among several buildings. Most of these buildings look similar as they are made of stone colored concrete slabs and reflective

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

Muhammad Ali Clay ( Cassius Marcellus ) 1942 - 1981 Essay

Muhammad Ali Clay ( Cassius Marcellus ) 1942 - 1981 - Essay Example For instance, he started training when he was only 12 years old. However, irrespective of the tender age of training, the super man acquired several skills, expertise as well as experience. This pushed him towards the realization of his first global success at the age of 221. For instance, it was at the age of 22 when Muhammad Ali first won the World heavyweight championship. This happened in the year 1964. The victory really motivated Muhammad Ali. As such, he vowed to put even more effort in order to succeed at each and every boxing event. It is of crucial significance to underscore the fact that Muhammad Ali was born a Christian. However, as he continued to grow, he later on converted to Islam. This happened in the year 1975 when he was 33 years old. Born in Louisville, Kentucky in the United States of America, Muhammad Ali, also known as Cassius Marcellus Clay played a total of 61 fights. Amongst these fight matches, he won 56 and lost 5. Amongst his victories, his total wins by knock outs included 37 in number. This paper is going to focus on Muhammad Ali relevant to his religious perspectives as well as the issue of women. Moreover, the paper is going to focus on the views of Muhammad Ali relevant to wars as well as maintenance of peace amongst individuals in the society. Furthermore, the paper is going to focus on Muhammad Ali’s take on the issue of racism as well as equality of all the people regardless of differences in races, religion as well as ethnic backgrounds. It is of crucial significance to note that Muhammad Ali, also known as Cassius Clay was really opposed to the issue of racism in the United States of America. Muhammad Ali is someone who deeply the valued the issue of equality amongst all humanities. However, it is of crucial significance to underscore the fact that the issue of racism greatly undermined as well as compromised the issue

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Individuals Relationship to the Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Individuals Relationship to the Community - Essay Example Sartre's existentialism and Human Emotions talk about how an individual can get the essence of his individuality through his existence. According to him, humans are thrown in this world without essence and with the span of time that he spends in the world, he has the chance to make decisions for there are choices available no matter what kind of situation circumstance he will be. He also added that since the people are born in the environment where there is no external value, it is already his chance to achieve the internal value that he desires. This optimistic view of existence can be related to how people base their decisions, most of which depend on what will people say and how people will judge. The individual and the community can never be separated although that is the aim and the goal of each one, still to depart from what is real and existing as a factor of survival is absolutely impossible. That is because of the reality that man cannot live and interact with himself alone. The interaction with other people that is needed for the nourishment of his physical, mental and emotional aspects is quite significant to be disregarded. This is the same reason why the community, the place for interaction is indispensable for his survival. The disadvantage comes in when free will and personal decisions get replaced by what we call "rules," rules which Freud said to be a kind of mutual relationship which replaces the individual's freedom by the rules of the society. This means that one is restricted to do things of his desire to give way to order and justice. Individual instincts for happiness are also controlled so as to reach the level of civilization which is thought to be progr ess. And since we talked about progress as another goal of every society, we can't remove the fact that progress deals with new technology which just like what Said mentioned in his book Representations of the Intellectual can somehow alter the real meaning of freedom. This is due to social conformity that needs to be accomplished to get the work done riding along with technology. The improvements and progress being the aim of every community and society, or group of individuals which usually follow a rule will always violate the so-called "norm of freedom" which Said partly talked about in the said book. The point being raised here is that even if there is a choice for man to be totally free at a given time or place, there is always a big possibility for him to be submissive to the rules which to him will bring forth bigger advantages. The violation then comes in when the expectations of the man who went struggling to deprive himself from personal satisfaction for a bigger cause gets corrupted by a bigger longing not from an individual but from the society, which supposedly is the on that would protect and or work for his desires to be achieved. A violation can also be done to personal freedom of choice and decision is when at a moment, the basis for a particular action or agendum is already the reaction of the community which cumulatively formed the rules in the society. What went wrong between the individual and the community was the interlocking of desires both from the individual and the community. No matter how mutual the so-called rules can be, there is always a greater desire that may pass over the well-made rules of the

Thursday, January 23, 2020

Argument Against a National Identification System Essay -- ID Identifi

Argument Against a National Identification System The concept of a national ID card has been debated in the United States for over three decades. In the past, the opposition as well as its allies has been strong. As a result of the September 11th terrorist attacks there has been new interest in the concept of national ID cards. While this idea is not all a new, it is closer to becoming more of a reality than ever, gaining the approval by the key members of congress. Currently the Bush Administration objects this renewed idea, however due to the intense emotion from the recent terrorist attacks the nation is closer to the idea than ever before. The idea of a national identity (ID) card seems simple enough. Take the photographic and alpha-numerical information on our birth certificates, Social Security cards, driver s licenses, and voter registration card; add a bar code, fingerprint, microchip, or other biometric identifier; and display all that information on a neat plastic card no bigger than a credit card. But beneath this smooth surface hides a complex issues and perhaps the greatest threat to personal freedom Americans have ever confronted. A national ID system will Require Americans to obtain federal government authorization to travel, work, rent or buy housing, obtain medical care, use financial services, and make many purchases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This federal authorization could be denied for many reasons, including database errors, a suspicious transaction profile, being a deadbeat parent, failure to pay taxes or fines, and any other social control measures Congress wishes to hang on the system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The system will almost certainly create an outlaw class--as large as 10 to 20% of the population--cut off from "normal" life in America. This outlaw class will sustain the underground economy for the use of future terrorists (and ordinary criminals). (Dority Barbara, p10)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The general questions about national ID cards and concepts involved in the debates, found on the Privacy International website at www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html. Can be summarized as below: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who uses ID cards now? About a hundred countries currently utilize official, compulsory, national IDs for various purposes. These include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, and Spain. Among the developed countries that don't have such a card are Australia, Canad... ... promote new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone who looks or sounds "foreign." Failure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The disgrace and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would ponder heavily on such groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There I strongly believe that national ID system is not the solution for the problems we are facing today. We have seen before that technological solutions involve risks that should be identified and understood in advance of its use to the greatest extent possible. These risks should be discussed and understood in detail before any decisions regarding its adoption is any form should be made. Work Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dority, Barbara. ?Halt and show your paper!? Humanist. 1 March.2002, Vol.62 Issue 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mohl, Jeff. ?How public is personal information?? Communications & Mass Media Complete, 1 September 2003, Vol. 91, Issue 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Safire, William. ?The Threat of National ID.? Kirszner and Mandell 586-88.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.aclu.org   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Privacy International www.privacy.org/pi/activities/idcard/idcard_faq.html.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Democratization of Uruguay

Giancarlo Orichio Dr. A. Arraras CPO 3055 20 November 2008 Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Uruguay A study of democratization presumes that the meaning of democratization is self-evident: defined simply as a transition of a political system from non-democracy towards accountable and representative government practices. (Grugel 3) A concept that is valid in Uruguayan politics however, has an element of potential risk that will be the topic of further analysis. Assessment of the latter will enable us to determine why Uruguay is the only one of the four former â€Å"bureaucratic-authoritarian† regimes in South America that includes Chile, Brazil, and Argentina to attain this debatably political status quo. Guillermo O’Donnell described this type of regime as an institution that uses coercive measures to respond to what they view as threats to capitalism, whereas, the only means of opposing this repressive government is by an â€Å"unconditional commitment to democracy. (O’Donnell xiii) The hierarchically lead bureaucratic-authoritarian regime as a political actor poses a possible advantage to democratization insofar that the military-as-institution may consider that their interests are best served by extrication from the military-as-government. However, seizing power to a new governing body without imposing strong constraints is improbable and has occurred predictably in Uruguayan democratic transition. Understanding th e obstacle faced by the newly fragile democratic government in managing the military and eliminating its reserved domains brings us to the task at hand. First, I will analyze the political history in Uruguay that lead up to the no doubt controversial argument that it has attained democratic consolidation. Secondly, I will analyze the factors that either contributed or hindered its journey to representative democracy; ultimately, arriving to the conclusion that Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan describe as a â€Å"risk-prone† consolidated democracy. On 25 August 1825, Juan Antonio Lavalleja, at the head of a group of patriots called the â€Å"treinta y tres orientales,† issued a declaration of independence. After a three-year fight, a peace treaty signed on 28 August 1828 guaranteed Uruguay's independence. During this period of political turmoil and civil war, the two political parties around which Uruguayan history has traditionally revolved, the Colorados and the Blancos, were founded. â€Å"Even by West Europen standards, [Uruguay] had a tradition of high party identification and a clear sense of a left-right index. † (Linz 152) Uruguay's first president, Gen. Jose Fructuoso Rivera, an ally of Artigas, founded the Colorados. The second president, Brig. Gen. Manuel Oribe, a friend of Lavalleja, founded the Blancos. The 19th century was largely a struggle between the two factions. However, it was not until the election of Jose Batlle y Ordonez as president in 1903 that Uruguay matured as a nation. The Batlle administrations (1903–7, 1911–15) marked the period of greatest economic performance. A distinguished statesman, Batlle initiated the social welfare system codified in the Uruguayan constitution. From then on, Uruguay's social programs, funded primarily by earnings of beef and wool in foreign markets, gave Uruguay the revered soubriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America. † After World War II, the Colorados ruled, except for an eight-year period from 1958–66. It was during the administration of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967–72) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures. Political instability resulted, most dramatically in the emergence of Uruguay's National Liberation Movement, popularly known as the Tupamaros. This well-organized urban guerrilla movement adopted Marxist and nationalist ideals while on the other hand, most nationally important actors were disloyal or at best semi-loyal to the already established democratic regime. Their revolutionary activities, coupled with the worsening economic situation, exacerbated Uruguay's political uncertainty. Gradually, the military-as institution assumed a greater role in government and by 1973 was in complete control of the political system. By the end of 1973, the Tupamaros had been successfully controlled and suppressed by the military-as-institution. In terms of systematic repression, as Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan stated, â€Å"Uruguay was the most deeply repressive of the four South American bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes. (Linz 152) Amnesty international denounced Uruguay for human rights violations; in 1979, they estimated the number of political prisoners jailed at a ratio of 1 per 600, Chile and Argentina were respectively 1 in 2,000 and 1 in 1,200. (Linz 152) By 1977 the military announced that they would devise a new constitution with the intentions to â€Å"strengthen democracy. † The new constitution would be submitted to a plebiscite in 1980, and if ratified elections with a single presidential candidate nominated by both the Colorados and the Blancos and approved by the military would be held the following year. The post-authoritarian transition to democracy began in Uruguay when the democratic opposition won the plebiscite. By the 1980’s the military did not have an offensive plan to lift Uruguay from its uninterrupted bad economic performance, the Tupamaros had in fact been defeated by 1973, so a defense project against urban guerrilla was unnecessary. The military had no civil or political support, and with there loss in the plebiscite, whose results they said they would respect, tarnished the military’s political leverage significantly. Thus, the democratic opposition in the form of the two major catch all political parties that have governed de jure since the 19 century presented a non threatening alternative despite their disloyal behavior before the authoritarian coup d’etat . As previously touched on, the opportunities presented by a hierarchical military favoring democratic transition is the possibility that the leading officers of the military-as-institution will come to the conclusion that the cost of non democratic rule is greater than the cost of extrication. With the main interest resting in a stable state that will in turn allow the military to become a functioning sector of the state apparatus. However, this does not preclude the possibility of non democratic prerogatives in the transfer. The party-military negotiation called the Naval Club Pact disqualified Wilson Ferreira of the Blanco party to be nominated as president, pushed for guarantees concerning their own autonomy, and the most damaging to democracy was the curtailment of human right trails for military officials. Elections were held in 1985 were Julio Maria Sanguinetti from the Colorado party became the first democratically elected candidate in the 1977 constitution. Because of strong public discontent with Military Amnesty granted during the transition, the curtailment was sent to a referendum in 1989, were it approved the amnesty and gained democratic legitimacy by 57%. It has to be stated that the majority of Uruguayan opposed the amnesty, however the fragile democratic government confronted a troubling decision. They could have breached the Naval Club Pact and tried military officer for heir human right offenses and risked military refusal and therefore a crisis in their own authority. Or they could have hastily granted them amnesty at the cost of lowered prestige in the new democracy. It is safe to assume that the electorate voted to let the amnesty law stand not because it was just but more so to avoid a crisis. By 1992 the left-wing Frente Amplio was integrated into Uruguayan politics without any other major party leaders deeming them unacceptable arriving to the quarrelsome argument that Uruguay became a consolidated democracy. Uruguay's economic development can be divided into two starkly contrasting periods. During the first period, when it earned its valued sobriquet â€Å"Switzerland of South America,† from the late 1800s until the 1950s, Uruguay achieved remarkable growth and a high standard of living. Expanding livestock exports; principally beef and wool accounted for its economic development. The advanced social welfare programs, which redistributed wealth from the livestock sector to the rest of the economy, raised the standard of living for the majority of the population and contributed to the development of new industries. When export earnings faltered in the 1950s, however, the fabric of Uruguay's economy had begun to unravel. The country entered a decades-long period of economic stagnation. It was during the administration of President Jorge Pacheco Areco (1967–72) that Uruguay entered a political and social crisis. As wool and beef demands declined in world markets, export earnings no longer kept pace with the need for greater social expenditures causing bad economic performance that lead to the bureaucratic-authoritarian take over of government. Although the old democratic regime was not able to lift economic prosperity neither was the military-as-government. Bad economic performance still plagued the nation throughout authoritarian rule. By 1980 the military had no agenda in combating the bad economic performance that helped unveil the inadequacies of the non democratic regime. In fact, economic performance has been in a decline since 1950’s until today. Although the legitimacy that the democratic system posses in Uruguay is strong, the capacity, or as Stepan and Linz say, the â€Å"efficacy† of the democratic system in resolving the stagnant economy is low. Thus, making Uruguay’s democracy risk-prone due to an unsolved economic performance. Since the economy has been the number one issue affecting Uruguayans since the end of their golden era in the early 19 century. A public opinion poll was asked to upper class respondents weather a political alternative from the authoritarian regime at the time would speed rather than slow economic recuperation. By a margin of 2 to 1 they believed it would, more surprisingly was a 7 to 1 response to the question if a new democratic regime would bring more tranquility and public order. In 1985, of the nine institutions evaluated in terms of trust, political parties ranked highest with a net score of 57 and the armed forces with a net score of negative 73. Only 5% viewed the military sympathetically while 78% viewed the military with antipathy. (Linz 153) In my studies concerning democratization never did democracy start with such rejection of the political role of the military from all class coalitions alike. During the first half on the 19th century the norm was a two party system similar to that of the United States in that there was â€Å"low fragmentation and low polarization. † (Linz 163) However, contrary to the American vetting process the Uruguayan had a peculiar electoral system known as the double simultaneous vote that allows all parties to run multiple candidate for the presidency. This did not present a problem until after the 1960’s when presidents routinely were elected with less than 25% of the vote because of the amount of candidates running. This creates party fragmentation that can hinder democracy. The fact that the old regime political structure remains untouched means that the opportunity for constitutional change was missed and this presents a potential democratic upheaval. Behaviorally, by 1968-73 political elites were at best semi-loyal to the democratic system that soon caused the authoritarian regime to take over government, and one thing that can be done from previous failures in democratic attempts is to learn from their missteps. Stepan and Linz clearly state that for the consolidation of democracy loyalty to the system as well as the perception that all other parties are loyal to the democratic process plays a crucial role. (Linz 156) By 1985 not one of the twelve major factions of the three leading parties perceived the other parties to be acting disloyal. As well as the mere fact that the once unacceptable left-wing party, Frente Amplio, held the mayoral position of Montevideo by 1989 and then the presidency by 2004 demonstrates the positive elite choices that contributed to democracy. Since Uruguay’s troublesome and long fought battle for independence in August 25, 1828 Uruguay did not encounter any â€Å"intermestic† stateness problems. As far as Washington relations to Latin America and in particular Uruguay, the United States continues to pursue hegemony over the region. The neo-liberal reforms in place in the region are bound by the restraints of the global market and for a country like Uruguay it is very difficult to compete with such superpowers. These reforms have often left the lower classes impoverish and desperate while the upper classes and Washington feed their gluttonous appetites. The civilian government in Uruguay has found it increasingly difficult to enforce these foreign economic influences that can potentially result in authoritarian means of accomplishment. As a member of MERCOSUR, Mercado Comun del Sur, Uruguay faced foreign political influences to liberalize its economy during the 1990s, as economic giants, and MERCOSUR partners Brazil and Argentina had done. This can be potentially devastating to democracy except that Uruguay in the 1980’s had a gross national product (GNP) per capita income of 2,820, higher than any of its MERCOSUR counterparts. However, we must remember that Uruguay has been experiencing a downward economic performance since the mid 1900’s and is a potential risk that needs to be addressed to preserve democracy. United States foreign policy in Uruguay and in the rest of Latin America has encouraged for the liberalization of markets. The side effect of neo-liberal reform is the zero-sum element that produces excessive amounts of losers. Essentially the contrary to what it is intended to produce. These superpower polices implemented creates few winners most of which are â€Å"elites with government connection [that] have been the primary beneficiaries of the sweeping economic transformation. † (Kingstone 196) This transcends business when the only means of preserving this market economy is through potential authoritarian means. The contentious claim that Uruguay is a consolidated democracy since 1992 is threefold, first, because of the reluctance to fix the already proven failed double simultaneous vote electoral system. Secondly, because of civil-military relations concerning human rights violation during authoritarian rule, although was legitimized by democratic referendum, but more importantly budgetary cuts that have been implemented as a result of bad economic performance. Finally, and most importantly, Uruguayans accept democracy as the most legitimate political game, but also recognize its incapacity to fix the troubling economy, producing this efficacy-legitimacy gap that can be potentially destructive for democracy. These three factors give Uruguay the title of a risk-prone democracy. Works Cited Kingstone, Peter R. , ed. Readings in Latin American Politics. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. O’Donnell, Guillermo. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Berkley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973.

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

Industrial Revolution After The Civil War - 956 Words

The Inusterial Revolution after the Civil War Between 18-19th centuries after the Civil War, a chain of events occurred that brought about several changes in the way that people lived and worked in the United States.This period ranges from the time when cities started growing rapidly because human hand labor was drastically changed to machine labor. These events started the American Industrial Revolution, which later affected African American socially, economically and politically. However, many of these changes brought by Industrial Revolution also affected several groups like Workers, Immigrants, and Children e.t.c. This paper will analysis three major effects the Industrial Revolution had on the Society, Economy and Politics of America as well as the above mentioned groups (Backer, n.d) Society undergoes a major transformation as a result of so many consequences. Firstly the society expanded and the population of the inhabitant increases due to migration and search for jobs from the area of low employment in areas of high employment. Hand work was changed to machine labor and this made women started working in long hours and the rise of child labor, and immigration from the west for greener pasture increased. The rapid growth of factories enables many Americans abandoned farming and went in search for factory jobs which was in demand due to the use of machines. However, this changed the style of living in the society and added a separate class of people known as theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of The American Industrial Revolution1467 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction of the American Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution resulted in a shift from agriculture to industrial factories. In the United States, there were two phases of the Industrial Revolution. 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